BIOL 3315 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 1 (continue)I. Genetics and the OrganismII. GeneticsIII. Physical and Chemical basisIV. From gene to transcriptV. Genetic variationVI. Continuous variationVII. Discontinuous variationVIII. Classical Genetic methodologyIX. Genes, environment, organismOutline of Current Lecture X. Impact on human geneticsXI. Predictive Preventative MedicineXII. Genetic and human affairsXIII. Social issue and geneticsChapter 2I. OverviewII. What is hereditary material?III. Chargaff’ rulesIV. The DNA nucleotideV. X-ray diffraction patterns of DNAVI. The Double HelixVII. Denaturing DNAVIII. Structure and function: three roles of DNAIX. DNAX. Nature of genomesXI. Prokaryotic genomesXII. Viral genomesXIII. Gene neighborhoodsXIV. Repetitive DNAXV. Reassociation curve of complex genomesXVI. Structure of genesXVII. Eukaryote Gene These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XVIII. Eukaryote protein-coding genesCurrent LectureX. Impact on human geneticsA. Genetics is a field of science that has an enormous impact on societyB. Our understanding of biological complexity using genetic approaches is proceeding at a very rapid pace- still tons to learnC. Recent technological advances have shifted the focus of genetic from analysis of single genes and proteins to entire networks- the Systems Approach XI. Predictive and Preventative MedicineA. Discovery of genes with variation that cause or predispose one to disease will continue at a rapid pace1. Diagnostics2. Therapeutic drugs to block or reverse effects of mutant genes3. Detection of disease and treatment before onset may increase life span significantly4. Gene therapyXII. Genetic and human affairsA. Genetic improvement: plant breeding, animal breeding...B. Medicine1. Inherited genetic diseases (cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, muscular dystrophy...)2. Somatic genetic disease (cancer)3. Chromosomal aberrations (Down syndrome..)4. Forensic (forensic DNA)C. Genetic engineering1. Gene therapy2. Biotechnology (insulin, growth hormone...)3. CloningD. Our way of thinking1. Evolution: common origin of everything that is organic 2. Racism and sexism XIII. Social issue and geneticsA. Should an individual’s genetic profiles be freely available to insurance companies,employers, government?B. Should our government regulate the use of genetic and genomic information to reflect society’s social values?C. Is it okay to permanently altering genes in human for medical or social reasons?D. No longer just an esoteric science, genetics concerns us all: it’s about life and death, the meaning of and response to disability and the new moral dilemmas created by increased knowledgeChapter 2: The Structure of Genes and GenomesI. Overview A. Each species has a uniquely fundamental sent of genetic information, its genome. B. The genome is composed of one or more DNA molecules, each organized as a chromosomeC. The prokaryotic genomes are mostly single circular chromosomesD. Eukaryotic genomes consist of one or two sets of linear chromosomes confined to the nucleusE. A gene is a segment of DNA that is transcribed into a functional RNA moleculeF. Introns interrupt many eukaryote genesG. Viral genomes consist of either DNA or RNA. H. Each species has uniquely fundamental set of genetic information, its genomeI. There can variation in the genome leading to different phenotypes or in some cases diseaseJ. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a defective gene of r dystrophin (a protein in the muscles)K. This same phenotype is found in golden retriever dogs, domestic cats and mice, as the dystrophic protein can also be defective in those animals. II. What is the hereditary material?A. In 1928 Frederick Griffith succeeded in permanently transformation a non-virulent (harmless) strain of the bacterium. Pneumococcus by adding an extract of dead cells of the virulent strain(harmful)B. The extract of dead cells of the virulent strain contained proteins, fats, RNA and DNA. What was the transforming molecule? C. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty discovered in 1944 what was the chemical nature of the hereditary material by destroying all the major categories of organic molecules in the extract of dead cellsD. Extract treated with RNAse still transformed the cells RNAE. Extract treated with proteinase still transformed the cell F. -ase- eat something G. Hereditary material is DNAH. Transformation (uptake of foreign DNA) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes has repeatedly shown that DNA is the hereditary materialIII. Chargaff’ rulesA. Erwin Chargaff had analyzed DNA in many different samples and knew that: 1. Four types of nucleotides made up DNA: ATCG2. Every nucleotide with a different nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine)3. As much adenine as thyme and as much guanine as cytosine4. Different proportion in different organisms5. Human: A=30.9% and T= 29.4%; G=19.9% and C=19.8%IV. The DNA nucleotideA. The building block of DNAB. Deoxyribose ( pentose sugar)1. With 3’ –OH2. phosphate ( on 5’ carbon)C. *-Nitrogenous base1. purine- adenine, guanine2. pyrimidine- thymine cytosine V. What is the structure of DNA? AND why is it important?VI. X ray diffraction patterns of DNAA. How is structure studied?B. x-ray diffraction is studied in crystal structures C. Rosalind Franklin working with Maurice Wilkins at King’s College London produced the X- ray diffraction pattern of DNAD. Critical piece of data that revealed that DNA was helical in structure E. In February 1953, Crick proclaim in the Eagle pub in Cambridge that they had “found the secret of life”F. In April 19531. Watson JD, Crick FH. A structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid2. Nature 1953;171: 737-7383. Winkins MHF, Stokes AR, Wilson HR. Molecular structure of deoxypentosenucleic acids. Nature 1953;171: 738-7404. Franklin RE, Gosling RG. Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate. Nature 1953;171: 740-741Crick and Watson DNA model built in 1953, was reconstructed largely from its original pieces in 1973 and donated to the National Science Museum in London where is still exposedVII. The Double HelixA. DNA normally consist of two antiparallel polynucleotide chains1. Sugar- phosphate backbonea. phosphodiester bondsb. 5’ to 3’ connection2. Complementary base pairsa. A-Tb. C-G (stronger bond pair)c. Hydrogen bondsi. 2 per A-Tii. 3 per G-CB.