17Visual Special Effects 1. Stage Effects--from live theatre; do not involve special manipulation w/ the camera; e.g.: * makeup (e.g., latex bladders) * puppets * "men in suits" * mechanical devices/robots * rear-screen & front-screen projection * models/miniatures--(slightly optical??) 2. Optical Effects--optical equipment (i.e., cameras, optical printer) is used to manipulate images; e.g.: a. Motion effects-- * stop motion animation * manipulations of movement (slo-mo, fast-action, reverse motion, freeze frame) b. “In the can” (in the camera) shots-- * glass shots * forced perspective c. Composite shots-- * double exposure * mattes, matte paintings * greenscreening (or, bluscreening)183. Digital Effects--computer required, e.g.: * computer composite shots * computer-generated images (CGI--images that never existed outside of the computer; including digital mattes) * morphing ALSO: * motion-control cinematography Note: Rear- and front-screen projection, matting (with and without greeenscreening), glass shots, forced perspective, and digital effects can have very similar results. Very often, even I can’t tell!19The Film Crew Roundup * Producer * Director * Screenwriter * Film editor * DP * Cinematographer * Camera Operator * Steadicam Operator * Production Designer * Art Director * Set Designer * Grip (like a stagehand--work with flats, dolly tracks, other carpentry) * Key Grip (head grip) * Gaffer (electrician/light set-up) * Best Boy (apprentice, to one of the various trades) * Set Dresser * Matte Artist * Greensman * ADR Editor * Foley artist * Visual Effects Supervisor * Location Manager * 2nd Unit . . . and the rest (e.g., Costume Designer, Casting, Makeup) . . . also, the role of unions and professional organizations: e.g., Screen Writers Guild, ASC (American Society of Cinematographers), ACE (American Cinema Editors), Teamsters, IATSE (International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees), SAG (Screen Actors Guild)20 Avant-garde film Avant-garde means “leader of the movement”--these films are extreme . . . usually extremely formalistic, but sometimes extremely realistic (like cinema verite) Giannetti (in your extra online reading) writes about 4 avant-garde film types that arose during different time periods: 1. Dadaist & Surrealist (l920-3l) based in Berlin & Paris, e.g., Un Chien Andalou (Andalusian Dog) 2. Poetic & Experimental (l940-54) e.g., Maya Deren's Meshes of the Afternoon 3. Underground Phase (l954-late 60's) e.g., Stan Brakhage’s films, Andy Warhol's Sleep or Eat 4. Structuralist (since late 60's) e.g., Michael Snow's Wavelength, Robert Banks’ X—The Baby Cinema21Surrealism and film Surreal = "super-real", a new and absolute reality, a merging of conscious & subconscious; derived from psychoanalysis (especially Freudian); brings together aspects of outer & inner reality in much the same way that seemingly unrelated fragments of life combine in the vivid world of dreams The origins of surrealism in film: European Dadaism (post-WWI) | | Vled to Surrealist Manifesto by Andre Breton in l924 | | Vwhich in turn Influenced many artists, including Salvador Dali & Luis Bunuel | | Vcreated Un Chien Andalou (l928) (Andalusian