Wireless Sensor Networks Revolutionary Applications and New Challenges Jie Gao Computer Science Department Stony Brook University 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 IT growth is rooted in Moore s Law Transistors per chip doubles every 12 18 months Microprocessors DRAM 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 The New Power Point Microcontrollers 1 10 mW active 1 uW passive 10 100 uW average Micro sensors MEMS Materials Circuits acceleration vibration gyroscope tilt magnetic heat motion pressure temp light moisture humidity barometric chemical CO CO2 radon biological microradar actuators too mirrors motors smart surfaces micro robots Micro Radios CMOS short range 10 m low bit rate 200 kbps 1 10 mW Micro Power Batteries 1 000 mW s mm3 fuel cells solar 10 mW cm2 0 1 mW indoors vibration uW gm flow 1 cm3 battery 1 year at 1 msgs sec 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Embedded systems on the market Specialized devices and information appliances are replacing the generalist PC variety of forms set top boxes fixed screen phones smart mobile phones PDAs NCs etc Traditional systems becoming dependent on computation systems Modern cars up to 100 processors running complex software engine emissions control stability traction control diagnostics gearless automatic transmission http www howstuffworks com car computer htm An indicator where are the CPUs being used 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Where are the CPUs Estimated 98 of 8 Billion CPUs produced in 2000 are used for embedded apps Where Has CS Focused Interactive Computers 200M per Year Servers etc Where Are the Processors Direct 2 Robots Vehicles 6 12 8 5B Parts per Year Embedded Computers 80 In Vehicles In Robots Embedded Look for the CPUs the Opportunities Will Follow 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Source DARPA Intel Tennenhouse Tennenhouse Sensor networks networked embedded systems 9 1 05 Distributed systems consisting of small untethered low power nodes capable of sensing processing and wireless communication Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Sensor nodes A large range of possibilities Choose the right tool for the job 9 1 05 Millimeter size custom silicon to PDA size integrated units Special purpose sensor nodes asset tags sacrifice flexibility for being small and inexpensive Generic sensor nodes rich expansion interface for making flexible connections High bandwidth sensors Build in processing and communication e g video and voice processing Gateway nodes Build a link between sensor networks and traditional networks Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Platform classes 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Platform classes 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Mica2 mote a generic sensor node CPU On board flash memory or external memory Radio Antenna Sensors temperature humidity vibration seismic light position movement chemical etc 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Mobility 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Mobility 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Energy harvest 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Hardware the state of art 9 1 05 Lots of varieties with different capabilities Nodes are becoming smaller and cheaper Battery seems to be the bottleneck Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Why is sensor network interesting A new way of sensing the world 9 1 05 New technologies of observing the world bring us new discoveries Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Sensor network applications 9 1 05 Long term inexpensive unobtrusive monitoring or data gathering in hostile remote harmful environment or emergent situation Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Habitat monitoring on great duck island http www greatduckisland net 9 1 05 At the end of the field season in November 2002 well over 1 million readings had been logged from 32 motes deployed on the island Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 petrel Redwood Microclimates 70 of H2O cycle is through trees not ground Complex interactions of tree growth and environment Effected by and effect the microclimate Need to understand dynamic processes within the trees 9 1 05 Slides made by David Culler Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 State of the Art Solid understanding of leaf physiology Good models good empirical data good fit Extension to the entire tree canopy is open problem Various models focused on particular aspects Nutrient transport transpiration Extremely limited empirical basis Data Dirth Satellite observations wide coverage low resolution canopy surface Spot weather stations single point in space Instrument elevator haul data logger along vertical transect Wide range of sensors climate sap flow dew Goal dense monitoring of trees throughout forest 9 1 05 Slides made by David Culler Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Wireless Micro weather Mote 9 1 05 Slides made by David Culler Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Dense Self Organized Multihop Network 9 1 05 Slides made by David Culler Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Study Format Site Sonoma Coast Grove of the big Trees Near Occidental CA Adjacent to winery Interior and Exterior Trees 40 50 nodes per tree Range of elevations Multiple nodes per level center and periphery 25 day duration 5 min sample interval all sensors battery parent Ground level weather station fog sensors Sap Flow sensors Internal indicator of level of photosynthetic activity 9 1 05 Slides made by David Culler Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Instrument Positions 9 1 05 Slides made by David Culler Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Climate data in a forest 9 1 05 Slides made by David Culler Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Not just data collection A group of networked sensors that communicate and exchange knowledge with each other Networked sensors have much greater potential to achieve more complex sensing and reasoning of the physical environment 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Networks of simple sensors can be intelligent Simple local interactions v s globally optimal behaviors The V formation of the flock enables each individual bird to save about 23 energy 9 1 05 Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 And achieve what one sensor can not 9 1 05 Swarm intelligence systems of non intelligent robots exhibiting collectively intelligent behavior Beni 89 Ants forming a bridge Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Shortest path routing 9 1 05 Source Feng Zhao Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 9 1 05 Source Feng Zhao Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 9 1 05 Source Feng Zhao Jie Gao CSE590 fall05 Revolutionary Applications Monitoring Spaces Env Monitoring Conservation biology Precision agriculture built environment comfort efficiency alarms security surveillance treaty verification Monitoring Things condition based maintenance disaster management urban terrain mapping monitoring Interactive Environments Ubiquitous computing handicap assistance home elder care