1Computer Graphics (Fall 2006)Computer Graphics (Fall 2006)COMS 4160, Lecture 12: OpenGL 3http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~cs4160To DoTo Do HW 3 Milestones due on Thu  If stuck, please get help from me or TAs Important you feel confident you can finish HW 3 Programs in class, red book probably most helpMethodology for LectureMethodology for Lecture Lecture deals with lighting (teapot shaded as in HW1) Some Nate Robbins tutor demos in lecture Briefly explain OpenGL color, lighting, shading Demo 4160-opengl\opengl3\opengl3-orig.exe Lecture corresponds chapter 5 (and some of 4) But of course, better off doing rather than readingImportance of LightingImportance of Lighting Important to bring out 3D appearance (compare teapot now to in previous demo) Important for correct shading under lights The way shading is done also importantglShadeModel(GL_FLAT) glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH)OutlineOutline Basic ideas and preliminaries Types of materials and shading  Ambient, Diffuse, Emissive, Specular Source code Moving light sourcesBrief primer on ColorBrief primer on Color Red, Green, Blue primary colors Can be thought of as vertices of a color cube R+G = Yellow, B+G = Cyan, B+R = Magenta, R+G+B = White Each color channel (R,G,B) treated separately RGBA 32 bit mode (8 bits per channel) often used A is for alpha for transparency if you need it Colors normalized to 0 to 1 range in OpenGL Often represented as 0 to 255 in terms of pixel intensities Also, color index mode (not so important)2Shading ModelsShading Models So far, lighting disabled: color explicit at each vertex This lecture, enable lighting Calculate color at each vertex (based on shading model, lights and material properties of objects) Rasterize and interpolate vertex colors at pixels Flat shading: single color per polygon (one vertex) Smooth shading: interpolate colors at vertices Wireframe: glPolygonMode (GL_FRONT, GL_LINE) Also, polygon offsets to superimpose wireframe Hidden line elimination? (polygons in black…)Demo and Color PlatesDemo and Color Plates See OpenGL color plates 1-8 Demo: 4160-opengl\opengl3\opengl3-orig.exe Question: Why is blue highlight jerky even with smooth shading, while red highlight is smooth?LightingLighting Rest of this lecture considers lighting on vertices In real world, complex lighting, materials interact We study this more formally in next unit OpenGL is a hack that efficiently captures some qualitative lighting effects. But not physical Modern programmable shaders allow arbitrary lighting and shading models (not covered in class)Types of Light SourcesTypes of Light Sources Point Position, Color [separate diffuse/specular] Attenuation (quadratic model) Directional (w=0, infinitely far away, no attenuation) Spotlights Spot exponent Spot cutoff All parameters: page 195 (should have already read HW1)21cl qattenkkdkd=++Material PropertiesMaterial Properties Need normals (to calculate how much diffuse, specular, find reflected direction and so on) Four terms: Ambient, Diffuse, Specular, EmissiveSpecifying NormalsSpecifying Normals Normals are specified through glNormal Normals are associated with vertices Specifying a normal sets the current normal Remains unchanged until user alters it Usual sequence: glNormal, glVertex, glNormal, glVertex, glNormal, glVertex… Usually, we want unit normals for shading glEnable( GL_NORMALIZE ) This is slow – either normalize them yourself or don’t use glScale Evaluators will generate normals for curved surfaces Such as splines. GLUT does it automatically for teapot, cylinder,…3OutlineOutline Basic ideas and preliminaries Types of materials and shading  Ambient, Diffuse, Emissive, Specular Source code Moving light sourcesLightMaterialLightMaterialDemoDemoEmissive TermEmissive TermmaterialI Emission=Only relevant for light sources when looking directly at them• Gotcha: must create geometry to actually see light• Emission does not in itself affect other lighting calculationsAmbient TermAmbient Term Hack to simulate multiple bounces, scattering of light Assume light equally from all directionsAmbient TermAmbient Term Associated with each light and overall light E.g. skylight, with light from everywhere0***nglobal material light i material iiI ambient ambient ambient ambient atten==+∑Most effects per light involve linearly combining effects of light sourcesDiffuse TermDiffuse Term Rough matte (technically Lambertian) surfaces Light reflects equally in all directionsINL•∼N-L4Diffuse TermDiffuse Term Rough matte (technically Lambertian) surfaces Light reflects equally in all directions Why is diffuse of light diff from ambient, specular?INL•∼N-L0***[max(,0)]nlight i material iiI diffuse diffuse atten L N==∑iSpecularSpecularTermTerm Glossy objects, specular reflections Light reflects close to mirror directionSpecularSpecularTermTerm Glossy objects, specular reflections Light reflects close to mirror direction Consider half-angle between light and viewersN0***[max(,0)]nshininesslight i material iiI specular specular atten N s==•∑DemoDemo What happens when we make surface less shiny? What happens to jerkiness of highlights?OutlineOutline Basic ideas and preliminaries Types of materials and shading  Ambient, Diffuse, Emissive, Specular Source code Moving light sourcesSource Code (in display)Source Code (in display)/* New for Demo 3; add lighting effects *//* See hw1 and the red book (chapter 5) for details */{GLfloat one[] = {1, 1, 1, 1};// GLfloat small[] = {0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1};GLfloat medium[] = {0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1};GLfloat small[] = {0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1};GLfloat high[] = {100};GLfloat light_specular[] = {1, 0.5, 0, 1};GLfloat light_specular1[] = {0, 0.5, 1, 1};GLfloat light_position[] = {0.5, 0, 0, 1};GLfloat light_position1[] = {0, -0.5, 0, 1};/* Set Material properties for the teapot */glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, one);glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, one);glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, medium);glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, high);5Source Code (Source Code (contdcontd))/* Set up point lights, Light 0 and Light 1 *//* Note that the other parameters are default values */glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, light_specular);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE,