EGEE 102 Energy Conservation And Environmental Protection Renewable fuels Renewable Wind Biomass Hydro Solar Geothermal EGEE 102 Pisupati 2 Wind Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the earth by the sun Solar heating varies with time and with the reflectance of the surface Kinetic energy of the wind is converted to electrical energy EGEE 102 Pisupati 3 Wind Energy History The U S wind industry currently generates about 4 5 billion kilowatt hours of electricity 1999 2 251 MW of installed capacity in the US EGEE 102 Pisupati 4 Kinetic Energy 1 2 1 3 Energy mv A v 2 2 EGEE 102 Pisupati 5 Vin EGEE 102 Pisupati 6 Energy obtained Difference in Kinetic Energy of the incoming wind and outgoing wind EGEE 102 Pisupati 7 Area Length If the wind is traveling at v meters s Then in one second it will travel 10 meters Volume of air that is passing the blades of the mill area of the mill x velocity m3 s m2 area x m s velocity EGEE 102 Pisupati 8 Power From a Wind Mill Mass flow rate of air passing the mill Volumetric flow rate m3 s x density kg m3 Area x velocity x density Kinetic energy time mass flow rate x velocity 2 Power 1 2 Area x Velocity x density x velocity 2 1 Power xArea A xVelocity v x density x velocity 2 v 2 2 1 3 Power A v 2 EGEE 102 Pisupati Watts 9 Most of the US wind generation sites are currently operating in California EGEE 102 Pisupati 10 Hydroelectric Energy EGEE 102 Pisupati 11 Hydroelectric Power Stored water in a dam has potential energy When released the kinetic energy is captured by a generator and electricity is produced EGEE 102 Pisupati 12 Current Status About one fifth of electricity in the world is generated from hydropower The United States is one of the largest producers of hydropower in the world second only to Canada 10 percent of U S electrical generation Total U S hydroelectric capacity is 103 8 GW including pumped storage projects EGEE 102 Pisupati 13 Capacity of US Hydroelectric Sites in the US Grand Coulee John Day Niagara NY The Dalles Chief Joseph McNary Hoover Glen Canyon 1942 6500 MW 1969 2200 MW 1961 2000 MW 1957 1800 MW 1956 1500 MW 1954 1400 MW 1936 1345 MW 1964 950 MW EGEE 102 Pisupati 14 Schematic of a Hydro Power Plant EGEE 102 Pisupati 15 Advantages of Hydroelectricity Clean renewable and reliable energy source Cheap electricity Capable of converting 90 percent of available energy into electricity Operational flexibility can be easily controlled to match demand EGEE 102 Pisupati 16 Environmental Non polluting Enhance wetlands and support healthy fisheries Wildlife preserves can be created around reservoirs which in some cases provide stable habitats for endangered or threatened species EGEE 102 Pisupati 17 Disadvantages Hydroelectric facilities disrupt natural river flows Hydropower may alter river and riverside habitat impede the natural flow of sediments Catastrophic failure significant obstacle to fish migration EGEE 102 Pisupati 18 Future of Hydroelectric Power When screening for environmental legal and institutional factors at potential sites there are 29 780 MW of hydro generation most of which can be developed without the construction of a single new dam In the US the good spots are already in use or located at environmentally sensitive sites EGEE 102 Pisupati 19