LE 42-5Anteriorvena cavaPulmonaryarteryCapillariesof right lungAortaPulmonaryveinRight atriumRight ventriclePosteriorvena cavaCapillaries ofabdominal organsand hind limbsPulmonaryveinLeft ventricleLeft atriumAortaPulmonaryarteryCapillaries ofhead andforelimbsCapillariesof left lungLE 42-11SystolicpressureVenae cavaeVeinsVenulesCapillariesArteriolesArteriesAortaDiastolicpressurePressure (mm Hg)120100806040200Area (cm2)5,0004,0003,0002,0001,0000Velocity (cm/sec)50403020100LE 42-10Valve (open)Skeletal muscleValve (closed)Direction of blood flowin vein (toward heart)LE 42-13abPrecapillary sphinctersThoroughfarechannelCapillariesVenuleArterioleSphincters relaxedVenuleArterioleSphincters contractedLE 42-15SodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumChlorideBicarbonateOsmotic balance,pH buffering, andregulation ofmembranepermeabilityPlasma 55%ConstituentMajor functionsWaterSolvent forcarrying othersubstancesIons (blood electrolytes)AlbuminOsmotic balance,pH bufferingPlasma proteinsFibrinogenImmunoglobulins(antibodies)ClottingDefenseNutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)Waste products of metabolismRespiratory gases (O2 and CO2)HormonesSubstances transported by bloodCellular elements 45%Cell type NumberFunctionsper µL (mm3) of blood5–6 millionTransport oxygenand help transportcarbon dioxideLeukocytes(white blood cells)5,000–10,000Defense andimmunityMonocyteBasophilEosinophilLymphocyteNeutrophilPlateletsBlood clotting250,000–400,000Erythrocytes(red blood cells)SeparatedbloodelementsDiffusion over the course ofthe weekendFriday 10:30 amTuesday 8:00 amIt took 93.5 hours for the dye front to move 2.3 cm.LE 42-14CapillaryRed bloodcell15 µmTissue cellCapillaryNet fluidmovement outINTERSTITIAL FLUIDNet fluidmovement inBlood pressureOsmotic pressureInward flowDirection ofblood flowPressureOutward flowVenous endArterial end of capillaryBulk flow helpsensure thatnutrients don’t haveto diffuse far toreach tissue cells.LE 42-17Endothelium ofvessel is damaged,exposing connectivetissue; platelets adherePlatelets form a plug Seal is reinforced by a clot of fibrinCollagen fibersPlatelet plugPlatelet releases chemicalsthat make nearby platelets stickyClotting factors from:PlateletsDamaged cellsPlasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)Prothrombin ThrombinFibrinogen FibrinFibrin clot Red blood cell5 µmLE 42-19Respiratorymedium(air or water)OrganismallevelCellular levelEnergy-richfuel moleculesfrom foodRespiratorysurfaceCirculatory systemCellular respirationCO2O2ATPLE
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