HYDRAULIC PUMPSTypes of positive displacement pumps –Peristaltic pumps-Avoids contact of liquid with mechanical partsKinetic PumpsTypes of Kinetic pumps –Comparisons between the two types –Performance curve for a positive displacement type of pumpPerformance curves for a Centrifugal Pump –Head versus pump capacityHead, capacity, efficiency, and power neededPump designation –Capacity versus head for impeller sizes (2 x 3 – 10)Capacity versus head for impeller sizes (2 x 3 – 10)Capacity versus head for impeller sizes with horsepower (2 x 3 – 10)Capacity versus head for impeller sizes with efficiency (2 x 3 – 10)Composite graphAffinity laws for centrifugal pumpsSpeed varies –Impeller diameter varies –Head situation at the suction endNet Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)HYDRAULIC PUMPS Pumps – convert mechanical energy into fluid energy. Turbines – exactly the opposite, convert fluid energy to mechanical form. Classification of pumps – based on the method by which mechanical energy is transferred to the fluid – • Positive-displacement pumps • Kinetic pumps 1Under positive-displacement - • These pumps discharge a given volume of fluid for each stroke or revolution. • Energy is added intermittently Reciprocating action – pistons, plungers, diaphragms, and bellows. Rotary action – vanes, screws, lobes. 2Types of positive displacement pumps – 34Peristaltic pumps- • Fluid captured within flexible tube • Tube is routed between rollers – rollers squeeze tube and move liquid as parcels Avoids contact of liquid with mechanical parts 5Kinetic Pumps • Transforms kinetic energy to static pressure – adds energy via rotating impeller • Fluid enters through the center of an impeller and is thrown outwards by the vanes Figure 13.11 6Types of Kinetic pumps – Centrifugal 7Jet - Used for household water systems. - Composed of centrifugal pump and jet assmebly - Suction is created by the jet in the suction pipe 8Comparisons between the two types – Characteristic Positive- displacement Kinetic Flow rate Low High Pressure rise High Low Self priming Yes No Outlet stream Pulsing Steady Works with high viscosity fluids Yes No 9Pump selection depends on – - Discharge - Head requirement - Horsepower requirements of the pump So we need to know their performance characteristics – referred to as performance curves 10Performance curve for a positive displacement type of pump • As pressure increases there is slight decrease in capacity due to internal leakage from the high pressure side. • Power needed varies linearly with pressure. • Volumetric efficiency = flow rate delivered/theoretical flow rate (90 to 100%). Theoretical flow rate based on displacement per revolution times the speed of rotation. 11• Overall efficiency = power delivered to fluid / power supplied to pump. 12Performance curves for a Centrifugal Pump – Head versus pump capacity • Capacity decreases with increasing head • At “cut-off” head flow is stopped completely and all energy goes to maintaining the head. • Typical operating conditions well below “cut-off” head. 13Head, capacity, efficiency, and power needed • Normal operation should be in the vicinity of the peak efficiency 14Pump designation – Centrifugal pumps can be operated at various speeds (rpm) and with various impeller sizes Larger impellers and speeds provide – greater discharge and head! Pumps can be designated as - A x B – C C – size of impeller (inches) A – diameter of discharge pipe (inch) B – diameter of suction pipe (inch) e.g., Pump – 2 x 3 – 10 15Capacity versus head for impeller sizes (2 x 3 – 10) Speed = 3500 rpm 16Capacity versus head for impeller sizes (2 x 3 – 10) Speed = 1750 rpm 17Capacity versus head for impeller sizes with horsepower (2 x 3 – 10) 18Capacity versus head for impeller sizes with efficiency (2 x 3 – 10) 19Composite graph 20Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps Equations that relate the speed and impeller size to the head, capacity and power of the pump – Speed varies – Capacity - ⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛=2121NNQQ Total head - 22121⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛=NNhhaa Power - 32121⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛=NNPP 21Impeller diameter varies – Capacity - ⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛=2121DDQQ Total head - 22121⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛=DDhhaa Power - 32121⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛=DDPP 22Head situation at the suction end Static suction head (hs) – vertical distance between the center line of inlet and the free level of the fluid source Figure 13.38 • When fluid level is ABOVE inlet - static head is positive 23• When fluid level is BELOW inlet – static head is negative (static suction lift) 24Dynamic suction head (Hs) = Static suction head minus the friction head Static discharge head - vertical distance between the pump centerline and the free level of the fluid in the discharge tank Dynamic discharge head = Static discharge head + friction head + velocity head 25Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) Minimum head required in the suction line to prevent cavitation. - Cavitation – formation of small bubbles of water when the pressure in the suction tube is too low. Vapor bubbles form at suction inlet and travel to impeller. - These bubbles then collapse after the impeller when the pressure increases. - The collapse of the bubbles releases energy that may cause severe erosion of the pump or the discharge lines Cavitation can cause – • Decrease in discharge • Noise, rattling sound • Erosion and eventual destruction of the pump This can be avoided by ensuring that the pressure head at the inlet end is greater than the NPSHR for the pump. NPSHR is predetermined by manufacturers for pumps under various operating conditions of discharge and total head. 26Available Net positive suction Head = NPSHA NPSHA should be at least 10% greater than NPSHR Greater margin (100%) in case of critical/emergency installations. NPSHA = hsp ± hs – hf – hvp NOTE - NPSHA and NPSHR are always expressed in absolute terms – so add the atmospheric pressure to the gage pressure! 2728Example 13.3 Determine the available NPSH Water at 70C psp = - 20kpa patm = 100.5 kpa hs = +2.5 m