Telecommunications Networking ITelecommunications NetworkingTelecommunications NetworkingOverview of Telecommunications Networking IOverview of Telecommunications Networking IIPowerPoint PresentationData, Information and SignalsCapturing SoundSlide 9Capturing Sound (cont’d)Slide 11Slide 12Representing SpeechRepresenting Speech (cont’d)Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Representing AudioSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Character Mapped ImagesRepresenting ImagesScanned ImagesSlide 29Bit-mapped ImagesBit Mapped Image ExampleSlide 32Transform Image RepresentationTransformsVideoVideo (continued)InterlacingSlide 38Slide 39NTSC VideoHDTV VideoVideo Compression CodingSlide 43Slide 44Signals in NoiseAnalog Signals in Noise: ExampleSlide 47Analog Signals in NoiseSlide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Gaussian Random ProcessesGaussian Random Processes (cont’d)Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64ExampleSlide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Matched FilteringSlide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Metallic CablesSlide 80Metallic Cables (cont’d)Slide 82Metallic Cable SystemWhat can we say about r(t)?What can we say about h(t)?Typical Coaxial Cable LossesWhat can we say about h(t)? (cont’d)“Dispersion”What can we say about n(t)?Slide 90What can we say about i(t)?Our challenge:Example: Dispersion-Limited Operation; 6dB maximum roll offExample: Dispersion Limited Operation (cont’d)Example: Noise Limited OperationNoise Limited Operation (cont’d)Slide 97Example: Noise Limited Operation (cont’d)Slide 99Line AmplifiersLine Amplifiers (cont’d)Slide 102Slide 103Slide 104Slide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 108Slide 109Slide 110Line Amplifiers (continued)Traditional Cable Television SystemSlide 113FDM: Typical Cable SystemCable TV FDM: IssuesImpact of Distortion on FDMImpact of Distortion (cont’d)Impact of NoiseRadio Frequency Interference“Wiring” ConcernsPersonick’s ad-hoc equalizerSlide 122Digital Communication SystemPoint-to-Point Digital Communications: The Concept of “Errors”What Causes Errors?Tradeoffs Between Misses and False AlarmsTrading Off “Miss” and “False Alarm” ErrorsSlide 128Classical Additive Noise Detection ProblemMatched FilterMatched Filter Output: rSlide 132Calculating the Error ProbabilitiesGaussian ShapeCalculating ERFC*(x) (“earf-see-star”); also known as the Q function: Q(x)ExampleExample (cont’d)Slide 138Slide 139Slide 140Digital Point to Point CommunicationsIntersymbol InterferenceIntersymbol Interference: EqualizationDigital Regenerator (Repeater)Timing recoveryDecision CircuitEye DiagramSlide 148T-CarrierT-Carrier (cont’d)Analog-to-Digital Conversion (and vice versa)A/D ConversionD/A ConversionMultiplexingD-Channel Bank Frame FormatMultiplexing StandardsOther Popular Digital Metallic Cable Transmission SystemsEthernet: 10Base-TModemADSLCable ModemSlide 162Fiber Optics: OverviewBasic Fiber Optic Transmission SystemThe Radio SpectrumOptical Transmitter: exampleOptical Transmitter ExampleSimplified Semiconductor Injection LaserSlide 169Optical FiberCauses of AttenuationCauses of Pulse Spreading: Modal Delay SpreadModal Delay SpreadSlide 174Causes of Pulse SpreadingSlide 176Pulse Spreading: ExamplesOptical ReceiverSlide 179Causes of Errors in Optical Fiber SystemsSlide 181Optical Fiber System: exampleSlide 183Slide 184Wireless Point-to-Point LinkThe Electromagnetic SpectrumSlide 187Transmitter SubsystemsSlide 189The AntennaSlide 191A Directional RadiatorThe Parabolic Dish AntennaSlide 194The Receiver SubsystemSources of Thermal NoiseSlide 197The Receiver SubsystemThe End-To-End SystemThe End-to-End SystemSlide 201Calculating the Propagation LossSlide 203Why Do Broadcast Transmitters Have Such High Power?Slide 205Slide 206Slide 207Slide 208Slide 209Slide 210Slide 211Slide 212Slide 213Slide 214Slide 215Slide 216Slide 217Switching FundamentalsThe Classical Switching OpportunityWhat’s a Switch?Mechanical Crosspoint: Reed RelayMulti-stage Switching FabricBlockingBanyan Switching FabricTime Division SwitchingThere’s More to Switching than SwitchesOn-Hook/Off-Hook DetectionSignalingSlide 229Finding a route to the DestinationAutomatic Message AccountingSlide 232Telecommunications Network ManagementSlide 234Slide 235Slide 236Operations Support Systems (OSS’s)Telecommunications Management Networks (TMN)A Classic Traffic Engineering ProblemThe Poisson (Random) ProcessSlide 241Slide 242Example (Cont’d)Slide 244Slide 245Slide 246Slide 247Slide 248Service Creation EnvironmentAdvanced Services: Example “Calling Party Name”“Calling Party Name”Service Creation ExampleSlide 253Slide 254Slide 255Slide 256Slide 257Slide 258Slide 259Slide 260Copyright 2001, S.D. Personick. All rights reserved1Telecommunications Networking ITopic 1Overview of Telecommunications Networking I-IIDr. Stewart D. PersonickDrexel [email protected] 2001, S.D. Personick. All rights reserved2Telecommunications Networking •Sending and receiving messages (couriers, smoke signals, flashes of light, telegraph, teletype, facsimile, voice mail, text E-mail, multimedia E-mail)•Real-time conversations and collaborative work (face-to-face, wireline telephone, 2-way radio-telephone, video teleconferencing, multimedia teleconferencing)•Accessing stored or real-time information (physical file cabinets and folders, FTP, WWW, remote sensing, imagery)•Networked information systems (mission-oriented teams, telnet, client-server, peer-to-peer, distributed computing environments, sensor-to-shooter)Copyright 2001, S.D. Personick. All rights reserved3Telecommunications Networking•How to communicate in efficient, predictable, reliable, and useful ways?-Representing data or information as a “signal”-Defining the quality (or fidelity) of reception/communication-Signals in the presence of noise, distortion and interference-Point-to-point communication systems-Switched networks (e.g., the Internet, LANs, wireless networks…)Copyright 2001, S.D. Personick. All rights reserved4Overview of Telecommunications Networking I•Overview of telecommunications Networking I-II •Data, information (voice, audio, images, video), and signals that represent data and information •Signals in noise, measures of quality of communication•Wire-pair and coaxial cable, optical fiber, and wireless transmission systems (link layer)-radio frequency wireless links-lasercom (free-space optical) wireless