Chapter 1Linear Equations and GraphsLinear Equations and GraphsSection 3Linear RegressiongMathematical ModelingMathematical modeling is the process of using mathematics Mathematical modeling is the process of using mathematics to solve real-world problems. This process can be broken down into three steps:1. Construct the mathematical model, a problem whose solution will provide information about the real-world problem.2. Solve the mathematical model. 23. Interpret the solution to the mathematical model in terms of the original real-world problem. In this section we will discuss one of the simplest mathematical models, a linear equation. Slope as a Rate of ChangeIf x and y are related by the equation y = mx + b, where m and bt t ithtlt thdli lare constants with m not equal to zero, then xand yare linearly related. If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are two distinct points on this line, then the slope of the line is 2121yy ymxxx−Δ==−ΔThis ratio is called the rate of change of y with respect to x. Since the slope of a line is unique therate of change of two3Since the slope of a line is unique, the rate of change of two linearly related variables is constant. Some examples of familiar rates of change are miles per hour, price per pound, and revolutions per minute. Example of Rate of Change: Rate of DescentParachutes are used to deliver cargo to areas that cannot be reached by other means of conveyance. The rate of descentof the cargo is the rate of change of altitude with respect to time. The absolute value of the rate of descent is called the speed of the cargo. At low altitudes, the altitude of the cargo and the time in the air are linearly related. If a linear model relating altitude a (in feet) and time in the air t (in seconds) is ib14 1t+2 880 h f t i th i4given by a = –14.1t+2,880, how fast is the cargo moving when it lands?Example of Rate of Change: Rate of DescentParachutes are used to deliver cargo to areas that cannot be reached by other means of conveyance. The rate of descentof the cargo is the rate of change of altitude with respect to time. The absolute value of the rate of descent is called the speed of the cargo. At low altitudes, the altitude of the cargo and the time in the air are linearly related. If a linear model relating altitude a (in feet) and time in the air t (in seconds) is ib14 1t+2 880 h f t i th i5given by a = –14.1t+2,880, how fast is the cargo moving when it lands?Answer: The rate of descent is the slope m = –14.1, so the speed of the cargo at landing is |–14.1| = 14.1 ft/sec.Linear RegressionIn real world applications we often encounter numerical data in the form of a table. The powerful mathematical tool, regression analysis, can be used to analyze numerical data. In general, regression analysis is a process for finding a function that best fits a set of data points. In the next example, we use a linear model obtained by using linear regression on a graphing llt6calculator. Example of Linear RegressionPrices for emerald-shaped diamonds taken from an on-line t d i i th f ll i t bl Fi d th li d ltrader are given in the following table. Find the linear model that best fits this data.Weight (carats) Price0.5 $1,6770.6 $2,35307$2 71870.7$2,7180.8 $3,2180.9 $3,982Example of Linear Regression(continued)Solution: If we enter these values into the lists in a graphing llt h bl th h li i fcalculator as shown below, then choose linear regression from the statistics menu, we obtain the second screen, which gives the equation of best fit. 8The linear equation of best fit is y = 5475x – 1042.9.Scatter PlotsWe can plot the data points in the previous example on a Cartesian coordinate plane either by hand or using aCartesian coordinate plane, either by hand or using a graphing calculator. If we use the calculator, we obtain the following plot:Price of emerald (thousands)Weight (tenths of a carat)9We can plot the graph of our line of best fit on top of the scatter plot: y = 5475x –