Community Gardening Benefits as perceived Among American-born and Immigrant Gardeners in San Jose, California Sinang H. Lee Abstract Community gardens in urban neighborhoods, lacking sufficient open space, provide individual and social benefits. A mailed-out survey of gardeners in eight San Jose community gardens revealed that American-born and immigrant gardeners perceived most benefits similarly. As a hobby to most, gardening made them feel healthier, proud, and stress-free. Factors of term-use in the garden, age, employment status, and family help affected perceptions. In comparison to American-born gardeners, immigrant gardeners valued more benefits neighborhood beautification and access of hard to find vegetables. Among immigrants, gardeners from Laos valued the money saved from community gardening the most, whereas, European immigrants valued the stress relief more so. Recently established immigrants, particularly with previous agricultural experience, such as Mexican immigrants, used gardens to connect with their homeland and adjust to new life in United States. While few immigrants expressed interest in meeting people who spoke the same language, most did not use the gardens as a place to practice English.Introduction At community gardens, people share land to grow plants for themselves and their communities. Introduced to the United States by European immigrants at the turn of the 20th century, community gardens gained popularity during the Panic of 1893 and the Depression of 1930s (Warner 1987). With the rise in unemployment during these periods, city leaders encouraged owners of vacant land to lend their property so the unemployed may grow their own food in these Charity Gardens. The food shortages during wartime also caused city dwellers to use thousands of community gardens as their patriotic effort. In 1918, during World War I, Americans joined the Liberty Garden Campaign to help feed soldiers overseas (Hynes 1996). Similarly, the Victory Garden Campaign spread during World War II with slogans such as “marching to victory via the victory garden” (Hynes 1996). Once the patriotic need for the gardens ended, many of the community gardens vanished. Today’s American urban community gardens, roughly estimated at 10,000, sprouted from the civil rights and environmental movements of the 1960s and 1970s (Warner 1987, Breslav 1991). In the 1950s, the suburban exodus led to ethnic minority migrations into urban dwellings (Hynes 1996). However, not enough newcomers replaced the emigrants, and with rising costs, landlords abandoned their property (Warner 1987). The public quality of the inner city declined as the comfort and services in the suburb rose (Warner 1987). No longer built upon charitable and war relief notions, community garden was seen as an urban renewal project with benefits to the individual gardener as well as to the community. Research indicates that benefits obtain from gardening provide a powerful motivator to participate in community gardening (Curran 1993, Gelsi 1999). With the increase in food prices, community gardening gives an economic benefit to the gardener. The average American family spends 25 to 31 percent of its household budget on food, and community gardening saves a family an average of $250 per 600 square feet of garden (Naimark 1982). While gardening food does supplement income, previous studies show that they also have non-economic benefits at the individual and social levels. Gardeners say that community gardening enhances an individual’s psychological and physical sense of well being (Sommers 1984). Self-esteem, pride, and relieving stress are among the psychological benefits (Kaplan1973, Lewis 1979, Jamison 1985, Landman 1993). Gardeners also gain the benefits of a healthy diet and exercise (Patel 1991, Armstrong 2000). Among the social benefits, community gardens build friendships, provide cultural diversity, reduce crime, and beautify neighborhood (Patel 1991, Curran 1993, Landman 1993, Dotter 1994, Schmelzkopf 1996). Although intangible and harder to measure, these benefits are vital for understanding the real worth of community gardening (Herbach 1998). Factors such as gender, race, employment, place and length of residence can influence gardeners’ perception of benefits. Waliczek et. al (1996) finds in their nationwide survey of community gardeners that female community gardeners placed higher value on the benefit of saving money, and African-American and Hispanic gardeners valued the gardens more than Caucasians and Asians. In Central City community garden of New Jersey, gardeners of housing projects and long-term gardeners appreciates the aesthetic improvements and the increased safety to their neighborhood (Curran 1993). Long-term residents of Puerto Rican ancestry near New Jersey’s Loisada usually become gardeners (Shmelzkopf 1996). Community gardens generally serve the urban poor in neighborhoods that lack open spaces. The majority of gardeners in such neighborhoods are minorities, including immigrants (Waliczek et. al 1996, Armstrong 2000). To many of the immigrant gardeners, community gardens are the only places they have to be around nature (Schmelzkopf 1996). Most also do not use other recreational venues in the area, whether due to economic, language, or cultural barriers (Dotter and Anderson 1998). It is the “leisure class” that usually has the ability and time to travel to other parks (Hynes 1996). Maller (1993) show that “race and income are significantly correlated to distribution and quantity of parkland per capita by community district.” All community gardens reflect, to some extent, the ethnic and cultural traditions of the people who create them. Immigrant gardeners, particularly, bring their cultural values to the gardens such as with their plants and gardening techniques (Dotter 1994). The Loisada study is among few studies that focus on how community gardens can specifically benefit immigrants. The Puerto Ricans of Loisada diminishes the immigrant experience of displacement and assimilation by transforming the community garden into their homeland or casitas (Winterbottom 1998). The casitas offer a place for refuge, recreation, cultivation, celebration, and expression. Many of the gardens prominently display Puerto Rican flags, along with statues of the Virgin Mary (Schmelzkopf 1996).Likewise, Southeast Asian immigrants strive for similar
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