Computer/Human InteractionLecture 37Overview:Emerging Paradigms: Beyond WIMPCollaborative SystemsUbiquitous ComputingIntelligent InterfacesSimulation and Virtual RealityEmerging Paradigms: Beyond WIMPGeneral level of user sophistication has risen – regular use of applications, Web, email, etc.Pervasive networking makes it possible to collaborateInformation overload requires more help in finding, organizing, and analyzing informationConnectivity with non-PC devices increasingFrom Mac to Anti-MacGentner & Nielsen (1996) argue that WIMP is no longer a satisfactory interface.Need to transition from a model of simplicity to a model of intelligenceExamples from Mac design principles (p. 305):Metaphors -> RealityDirect Manipulation -> DelegationSee & Point -> Describe & CommandCollaborative SystemsTime/space matrix of interactionSynchronous AsynchronousCo-located Digital whiteboardsDecision-support softwareElectronic brainstormingShared file systemsVersion controlKnowledge managementWork-flow systemsRemote Video/audio conferencingChat, messagingMUDsEmail, listservsNewsgroupsWeb forumsComputer-supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)How to promote awareness of collaborative effortsOverview of workspace and where each collaborator is “looking”How much should be shown; can be distractingLimits of computer-mediated communicationLoss of “non-verbal” cues, social distinctionsHow is credit/blame tracked? When is anonymity useful/hurtful?Ubiquitous ComputingMark Weiser, seminal paper in Scientific American in 1991No desktop computersComputing integrated seamlessly into daily lifeDevices interact automaticallyGetting closer every day – PDAs, cell phones, iPods, RFID tags, etc.Ubiquitous Computing 2CACM special issues in December 2002, March 2005 - “Disappearing Computer”Human-Information Interaction, rather than Human-Computer Interaction; facilitation of Human-Human communicationBoth physical and mental disappearanceMiniaturization of devicesThink of interactive devices, not a “computer”; e.g., interactive walls or tablesUbiquitous Computing 3Interaction techniquesGesture-based interactionRFID badges for “logging in”Ambient information displays for overview of collaboration activitiesCan extend any object with computational characteristics, but will people expect it and be able to interact? E.g., smart ovenSocial issues: privacy, blurring of work and homeIntelligent InteractionTuring test: computer responses are not distinguished as such by a human userHCI Goal: collect and organize enough information to enable an accurate prediction of what user wants to see or doShould make users’ tasks easier and more satisfyingNatural Language InterfaceAdvantages are obviousDirect input of task goals vs. mapping to system goalsDirect response without perception interpretationDisadvantagesLess preciseTakes more time than command languageInherent ambiguity, context/cultural sensitivitySeparate from speech recognitionMulti-Modal InteractionCACM special issues in March 2003 and January 2004Process two or more combined input modes using recognition-based technologies in order to accurately interpret users’ intentHigher accuracy and efficiency than one mode of interaction alone; similar to human multi-sensory perception combining speech, writing, and gesturesSoftware AgentsA way to deal with information overload, especially from the WebCustomized agents: shopping agents automate tedium of collecting price data, bidding agents eliminate the need to be on-line all the timeNovices may think system is smarter than it is. E.g. Eliza program (in emacs, M-x doctor)Social issues: what information is kept, can it be viewed/edited and by whom, etc.Simulation and Virtual RealityCACM special issues in July 2003 and August 2004Users interact directly with objects of interest ala Star Trek holodeck and The MatrixCurrently requires novel input/output devices to provide haptic feedback (i.e., based on touch)How to combine real and virtual objectsHow to apply to non-entertainment applicationsEmerging Paradigms and SBDCan explore using scenariosTechnology metaphorsClaims