BIOLOGY 262, PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY: ORGANISMIC BIOLOGY ANIMAL (& SOME COMPREHENSIVE) REVIEW/PRACTICE STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Explain how a vertebrate develops from a single cell to an embryo with a nervous system. Be certain to name each stage of development and indicate what happens developmentally at each stage. 2. Cnidarians could be said to stop development at the early gastrula stage. Why? Which of their characteristics make this a reasonable statement? 3. Your instructor took a course in invertebrate zoology as a graduate student. One of the laboratory exams for this course involved identification of organisms as cross sections on prepared slides under the microscope. What characteristics would be visible in cross section that would allow someone to identify the phylum to which each organism belongs? 4. Your little cousin is playing with an earthworm. She wants to keep it as a pet and asks you "Is it a boy or a girl? I don't know if I should name it Ken or Barbie." What should you say to your cousin? (Don't lie.) 5. Why are sponges considered to be animals? They don't move. They don't have mouths. What derived characteristics allow them to be classified in the Kingdom Animalia? 6. Arthropods are a very successful group of organisms with 20,000,000 or more species. What are the major living sub-groups of arthropods? In which types of environments are each group most diverse? Which of these subgroups has the greatest number of species? 7. Identify the obvious chordate derived characteristics of a lancelet? Where would each of these structures be in you (a fellow chordate)? How are these structures modified in an adult human? 8. Explain the processes that occur during vertebrate development right after gastrulation? What structures do these processes form? 9. Explain Type I and Type II Diabetes. Be certain to explain what happens normally, and what, in particular, goes wrong in each of these types of diabetes.10. Fill in the table below. Model Organism Common Name Kingdom Arabidopsis thaliana Caenorhabditis elegans Danio rerio Drosophila melanogaster Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mus musculus Neurospora crassa Xenopus laevis 11. People infected with drug resistant strains of the HIV virus were taken off of anti-HIV drugs for a period of time. Later, the patients were given the same anti-HIV drugs. These drugs then greatly reduced a newly drug-susceptible HIV population. Why did the virus population become susceptible to anti-HIV drugs after patients stopped taking the drugs? Provide a brief evolutionary explanation. (Hint: This question was directly derived from a video watched in class.) 12. For a population undergoing logistic growth with a starting size of 4,000 an intrinsic rate of increase of 0.10, and a carrying capacity of 20,000 what is the population size after 1 year? 2 years? 13. You study the “E” gene in a population of aardvarks. The number of individuals with each genotype is EE = 456, Ee = 92, ee = 432. (a) Is this gene at Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in this population? (show your calculations) (b) Provide two plausible microevolutionary process (if any) that likely are affecting this population? 14. What are the simple overall chemical equations for photosynthesis (which fixes carbon) and glycolysis + respiration? This is simply asking what chemical compounds go into and are released in these processes. 15. Briefly explain what two processes and one intermediate occur that change DNA information into a functional protein? What usually happens when there is a loss-of-function
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