CSCI585 Introduction to Spatial Database Systems by Cyrus Shahabi Spatial Databases A Tour Shashi Shekhar and Sanjay Chawla Hart Hartmut Guting s VLDB Journal v3 n4 October 1994 CSCI585 Value of SDBMS Traditional non spatial database management systems provide Persistence across failures Allows concurrent access to data Scalability to search queries on very large datasets which do not fit inside main memories of computers Efficient for non spatial queries but not for spatial queries Non spatial queries List the names of all bookstore with more than ten thousand titles List the names of ten customers in terms of sales in the year 2001 Spatial Queries List the names of all bookstores with ten miles of Minneapolis List all customers who live in Tennessee and its adjoining states CSCI585 Value of SDBMS Spatial Data Examples Examples of non spatial data Names phone numbers email addresses of people Examples of Spatial data Census Data NASA satellites imagery terabytes of data per day Weather and Climate Data Rivers Farms ecological impact Medical Imaging CSCI585 Value of SDBMS Users Application Domains Many important application domains have spatial data and queries Some Examples follow Army Field Commander Has there been any significant enemy troop movement since last night Insurance Risk Manager Which homes are most likely to be affected in the next great flood on the Mississippi Medical Doctor Based on this patient s MRI have we treated somebody with a similar condition Molecular Biologist Is the topology of the amino acid biosynthesis gene in the genome found in any other sequence feature map in the database Astronomer Find all blue galaxies within 2 arcmin of quasars CSCI585 Applications Various fields applications require management of geometric geographic or spatial data A geographic space surface of the earth Man made space layout of VLSI design Model of rat brain CSCI585 What is a SDBMS A SDBMS is a software module that can work with an underlying DBMS supports spatial data models spatial abstract data types ADTs and a query language from which these ADTs are callable supports spatial indexing efficient algorithms for processing spatial operations and domain specific rules for query optimization Example Oracle Spatial Extension can work with Oracle 10g DBMS Has spatial data types e g polygon operations e g overlap callable from SQL3 query language Has spatial indices e g R trees CSCI585 What is an SDBMS Common challenge dealing with large collections of relatively simple geometric objects Different from image and pictorial database systems Containing sets of objects in space rather than images or pictures of a space CSCI585 SDBMS Example Consider a spatial dataset with County boundary dashed white line Census block name area population boundary dark line Water bodies dark polygons Satellite Imagery gray scale pixels Storage in a SDBMS table create table census blocks name string area float population number boundary polygon Modeling Spatial Data in Traditional DBMS CSCI585 y axis A row in the table census blocks Question Is Polyline datatype supported in DBMS Census blocks 1 0 1 D 1 1 4 Name Area Population Boundary 1050 A C 1050 3 2 0 0 B 1 0 x axis 1 1839 Polyline 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 CSCI585 Spatial Data Types and Traditional Databases Traditional relational DBMS Support simple data types e g number strings date Modeling Spatial data types is tedious Example next slide shows modeling of polygon using numbers Three new tables polygon edge points Note Polygon is a polyline where last point and first point are same A simple unit sqaure represented as 16 rows across 3 tables Simple spatial operators e g area require joining tables Tedious and computationally inefficient CSCI585 Mapping census table into a Relational Database Polygon Census blocks Name Area Population 340 1 1839 boundary ID boundary ID edge name 1050 A 1050 B 1050 C 1050 D 1050 Edge edge name endpoint A 1 Point A 2 endpoint B 2 B 3 C 3 C 4 D 4 D 1 x coor y coor 1 0 1 2 0 0 3 1 0 4 1 1 CSCI585 Evolution of DBMS technology File Systems Network DBMS Hierarchical DBMS Relational DBMS Object Oriented Systems OODBMS Object Relational ORDBMS CSCI585 Spatial Data Types and Postrelational Databases Post relational DBMS Support user defined abstract data types Spatial data types e g polygon can be added Choice of post relational DBMS Object oriented OO DBMS Object relational OR DBMS A spatial database is a collection of spatial data types operators indices processing strategies etc and can work with many post relational DBMS as well as programming languages like Java Visual Basic etc CSCI585 How is a SDBMS different from a GIS GIS is a software to visualize and analyze spatial data using spatial analysis functions such as Search Thematic search search by region re classification Location analysis Buffer corridor overlay Terrain analysis Slope aspect catchment drainage network Flow analysis Connectivity shortest path Distribution Change detection proximity nearest neighbor Spatial analysis Statistics Pattern centrality autocorrelation indices of similarity topology hole description Measurements Distance perimeter shape adjacency direction GIS uses SDBMS to store search query share large spatial data sets CSCI585 How is a SDBMS different from a GIS SDBMS focuses on Efficient storage querying sharing of large spatial datasets Provides simpler set based query operations Example operations search by region overlay nearest neighbor distance adjacency perimeter etc Uses spatial indices and query optimization to speedup queries over large spatial datasets SDBMS may be used by applications other than GIS Astronomy Genomics Multimedia information systems Will one use a GIS or a SDBM to answer the following How many neighboring countries does USA have Which country has highest number of neighbors CSCI585 Three meanings of the acronym GIS Geographic Information Services Web sites and service centers for casual users e g travelers Example Service e g AAA mapquest for route planning Geographic Information Systems Software for professional users e g cartographers Example ESRI Arc View software Geographic Information Science Concepts frameworks theories to formalize use and development of geographic information systems and services Example design spatial data types and operations for querying CSCI585 Components of a SDBMS Recall a SDBMS is a software module that can work with an underlying DBMS supports spatial data models spatial ADTs and