1EE 4504 Section 1 1EE 4504Computer OrganizationDr. N. J. DavisSpring 1997EE 4504 Section 1 2Course ObjectivesReview development of computer systemsExamine the operation of the majorbuilding blocks of a computer systemInvestigate performance enhancements foreach component2EE 4504 Section 1 3EE 4504Computer OrganizationSection 1Introduction to Computer SystemsEE 4504 Section 1 4ObjectivesReview historical development ofcomputer systemsIdentify design levels for computer systemdevelopmentDiscuss descriptive and design tools foreach design levelCompare and contrast various performancemetrics for computer systems3EE 4504 Section 1 5Computer ArchitectureBaer: “The design of the integrated systemwhich provides a useful tool to theprogrammer”Hayes: “The study of the structure,behavior and design of computers”Abd-Alla: “The design of the systemspecification at a general or subsystemlevel”Foster: “The art of designing a machinethat will be a pleasure to work with”Hennessy and Patterson: “The interfacebetween the hardware and the lowest levelsoftware”EE 4504 Section 1 6Common themes:– Design / structure– Art– System– Tool for programmer and application– InterfaceThus, computer architecture refers to thoseattributes of the system that are visible to aprogrammer -- those attributes that have adirect impact on the execution of aprogram– Instruction sets– Data representations– Addressing– I/O4EE 4504 Section 1 7Computer OrganizationSynonymous with “architecture” in manyuses and textbooksWe will use it to mean the underlyingimplementation of the architectureTransparent to the programmerAn architecture can have a number oforganizational implementations– Control signals– Technologies– Device implementationsEE 4504 Section 1 8What is a computer?Historically, a computer was a job title, nota piece of equipment!Requirements of a computer:– Process data– Store data– Move data between the computer and theoutside world– Control the operation of the aboveFigure 1.1 Functional view of a computer5EE 4504 Section 1 9History of ComputersMechanical Era (1600s-1940s)– Wilhelm Schickhard (1623)» Astronomer and mathematician» Automatically add, subtract, multiply, anddivide– Blaise Pascal (1642)» Mathematician» Mass produced first working machine (50copies)» Could only add and subtract» Maintenance and labor problems– Gottfried Liebniz (1673)» Mathematician and inventor» Improved on Pascal’s machine» Add, subtract, multiply, and divideEE 4504 Section 1 10– Charles Babbage (1822)» Mathematician» “Father of modern computer”» Wanted more accuracy in calculations» Difference engineGovernment / science agreementAutomatic computation of math tables» Analytic enginePerform any math operationPunch cardsModern structure: I/O, storage, ALUAdd in 1 second, multiply in 1 minute» Both engines plagued by mechanicalproblems– George Boole (1847)» Mathematical analysis of logic» Investigation of laws of thought6EE 4504 Section 1 11– Herman Hollerith (1889)» Modern day punched card machine» Formed Tabulating Machine Company(became IBM)» 1880 census took 5 years to tabulate» Tabulation estimates1890: 7.5 years1900: 10+ years» Hollerith’s tabulating machine reduced the7.5 year estimate to 2 months– Konrad Zuse (1938)» Built first working mechanical computer,the Z1» Binary machine» German government decided not to pursuedevelopment -- W.W.II already started– Howard Aiken (1943)» Designed the Harvard Mark I» Implementation of Babbage’s machine» Built by IBMEE 4504 Section 1 12Mechanical era summary– Mechanical computers were designed to reducethe time required for calculations and increaseaccuracy of the results– Two drawbacks» Speed of operation limited by the inertia ofmoving parts (gears and pulleys)» Cumbersome, unreliable, and expensive7EE 4504 Section 1 13The Electronic EraGeneration 1 (1945 - 1958)– ENIAC» Developed for calculating artillery firingtables» Designed by Mauchly and Echert of theUniversity of Pennsylvania» Generally regarded as the first electroniccomputerColossus probably the first, but wasclassified until recently» BIG!18,000 tubes70,000 resistors10,000 capacitors6,000 switches30 x 50 feet140 kW of power» Decimal number system used» Programmed by manually setting switchesEE 4504 Section 1 14– IAS (Institute for Advanced Studies)» von Neumann and Goldstine» Took idea of ENIAC and developedconcept of storing a program in the memory» This architecture came to be known as the“von Neumann” architecture and has beenthe basis for virtually every machinedesigned since then» FeaturesData and instructions (programs) arestored in a single read-write memoryMemory contents are addressable bylocation, regardless of the content itselfSequential execution– Lots of initial and long-term fighting overpatents, rights, credits, firsts, etc.8EE 4504 Section 1 15Generation 2 (1958 - 1964)– Technology change– Transistors– High level languages– Floating point arithmeticGeneration 3 (1964 - 1974)– Introduction of integrated circuits– Semiconductor memory– Microprogramming– MultiprogrammingGeneration 4 (1974 - present)– Large scale integration / VLSI– Single board computersGeneration 5 (? - ?)– VLSI / ULSI– Computer communications networks– Artificial intelligence– Massively parallel machinesEE 4504 Section 1 16Summary of GenerationsGeneration ExampleMachinesHardware Software Performance1 ENIAC,UNIVAC I,IBM 700Vacuum tubes,magneticdrumsMachine code,storedprograms2 Kb memory,10 KIPS2 IBM 7094 Transistors,core memoryHigh levellanguages32 Kbmemory, 200KIPS3 IBM 360 370,PDP 11ICs,semiconductormemory,microprocessorsTimesharing,graphics,structuredprogramming2 Mb memory,5 MIPS4 IBM 3090,Cray XMP,IBM PCVLSI,networkes,optical disksPackagedprograms,object-orientedlanguages,expert systems8 Mb memory,30 MIPS5 Sun Sparc,Intel ParagonULSI, GaAs,parallelsystemsParallellanguagessymbolicprocessing, AI64 Mbmemory, 10GFLOPS9EE 4504 Section 1 17Applications that Drive ComputerPerformanceWeather forecastingOceanographySeismic/petroleum explorationMedical research and diagnosisAerodynamics and structure analysisnuclear physicsArtificial intelligenceMilitary/defenseSocio-economicsEE 4504 Section 1 18Trends in Computer Usage4 levels of ascending sophisticationComputer processing spaces [HwB84]10EE 4504 Section 1 19Four Levels of ComputerDescriptionGlobal system structure– Overall system