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Organization and Regulation of Body Systems

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5/13/20091 What is a tissue? Organ? Organ system? What are the 4 main types of tissue?  What do these tissues look like, how do they function and where are they found? What is the integumentary system? How can you prevent skin cancer? What is homeostasis and how is it maintained? A collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function There are 4 major tissue types in the body:1. Connective2. Muscular 3. Nervous4. Epithelial4.1 Types of tissues5/13/20092• Binds and supports parts of the body• All have specialized cells, ground substance and protein fibers • Ground substance is noncellular and ranges from solid to fluid• The ground substance and proteins fibers together make up the matrix of the tissue• There are three main types of connective tissue:• A. fibrous , B. supportive and C. fluid4.2 Connective tissue connects and supportsA. FibrousB. SupportiveC. Fluid4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports5/13/20093 There are two types: dense or loose, but both contain fibroblast cells with a matrix of collagen and elastic fibers Loose fibrous tissue is found supporting epithelium and many internal organs Adipose tissue is a special loose fibrous tissue where fat is stored4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports5/13/20094 Produced by chondroblasts Cells are in chambers called lacunae Matrix is solid but flexible 3 types are distinguished by types of fibers1. Hyaline cartilage – fine collagen fibers Location: Nose, ends of long bones and fetal skeleton2. Elastic cartilage – more elastic fibers than cartilage fibersLocation: Outer ear3. Fibrocartilage – strong collagen fibersLocation: Disks between vertebrae4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports  Cells are in chambers called lacunae Matrix is solid and rigid that is made of collagen and calcium salts 2 types are distinguished by types of fibers1. Compact – made of repeating circular units called osteons which contain the hard matrix and living cells and blood vessels Location: Shafts of long bone1. Spongy – an open, latticework with irregular spacesLocation: Ends of long bones4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports5/13/200954.2 Connective tissue connects and supports Made of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular componentsthat are called formed elements  3 formed elements:1. Red blood cells – cellsthat carry oxygen2. White blood cells – cells that fight infection3. Platelets – pieces ofcells that clot blood4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports5/13/20096 Matrix is a fluid called lymph White blood cells congregate in this tissue4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports• Allows for movement in the body• Made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers called actin and myosin• There are 3 types of muscle tissue in humans: • A. SkeletalB. Smooth C. Cardiac4.3 Muscle tissue moves the body5/13/20097• Appearance:: long, cylindrical cells, multiple nuclei, striated• Location: attached to bone for movement• Nature: voluntary movement4.3 Muscle tissue moves the body• Appearance: spindle-shaped cell with one nucleus, lack striations• Location: walls of hollow organs and vessels• Nature: involuntary movement4.3 Muscle tissue moves the body5/13/20098• Appearance: branched cells with a single nucleus, striations with darker striations called intercalated disks between cells• Location: heart• Nature: involuntary movement4.3 Muscle tissue moves the body Allows for communication between cells through sensory input, integration of data and motor output Made of 2 major cell types:A. NeuronsB. Neuroglia4.4 Nervous tissue communicates5/13/20099 Made of dendrites, a cell body and an axon Dendrites carry information toward the cell body  Axons carry information towards a cell body4.4 Nervous tissue communicates A collection of cells that support and nourish neurons  Outnumber neurons 9:1 Examples are oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia4.4 Nervous tissue communicates5/13/200910 A groups of cells that form a tight, continuous network Lines body cavities, covers body surfaces and found in glands Cells are anchored by a basement membraneon one side and free on the other side Named after the appearance of cell layers and the shape of the cells There is transitional epithelium that changes in appearance in response to tension4.5 Epithelial tissue protects Number of cell layers:• Simple: one layer of cells• Stratified: more than one layer of cells• Pseudostratified: appears to have layers but only has one layer Shape of cell:• Cuboidal: cube-shaped• Columnar: column-shaped• Squamous: flattened4.5 Epithelial tissue protects5/13/2009114.5 Epithelial tissue protects• Tight junctions – proteins join and form an impermeable barrier between plasma membranes in a zipper-like fashion• Adhesion junctions – cytoskeletal fibers join between cells and have flexibility• Gap junctions – a fusion of adjacent plasma membranes with small channels between them that allow small molecules to diffuse4.6 Cell junction types5/13/2009124.6 Cell junction types• An organ is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular function• An organ system is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function4.7 Integumentary system5/13/2009134.8 Organ systems4.8 Organ systems5/13/2009144.8 Organ systems Mucous membranes – lining of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems Serous membranes – line lungs, heart, abdominal cavity and covers the internal organs; named after their location• Pleura: lungs• Peritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs• Pericardium: heart Synovial membranes – lines the cavities of freely movable joints Meninges – cover the brain and spinal cord4.8 Organ systems5/13/200915 Includes the skin and accessory organs such as hair, nails and gland The skin has two main regions called the epidermis and the dermis Under the skin there is a subcutaneous layer between the dermis and internal structures where fat is stored Is important for maintaining homeostasis4.7 Integumentary system1. Protects the body from physical trauma, invasion by pathogens and water loss2. Helps regulate body temperature3. Allows us to be aware of our surroundings through sensory receptors4. Synthesizes chemicals such as


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