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UW-Madison PHYSICS 208 - Lecture 29 Notes

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EvaluationsFinal ExamPowerPoint PresentationFrom last time: Alpha radiationDecay sequence of 238UBeta decaySlide 7Changing particlesbeta decay exampleOther carbon decaysSlide 11AntimatterPositron Emission Tomography - PETEmission DetectionRadioactive tracersDetect ionizing radiationDecay of 60CoGamma decayCancer Radiation TherapyRadiation LevelsYour exposure in the labDecay summaryDecay questionNuclear fissionFissionChain reactionNeutron captureHow much energy?Energy releasedThe critical massThe first chain reactionPile assemblyEnergy productionAnother comparisonQuestionNeutronsSlide 37Uranium isotopesSlide 39Where does uranium come from?Uranium ore processingUranium HexafluorideIsotope separationGas diffusion enrichmentWhat about the 238UF6?Gas centrifuge enrichmentReactor vs bombElectromagnetic separationOak Ridge EM separationUranium fission bombPlutonium fission bombTrinity test of Pu bombActive plutonium for bombSlide 54JumboSlide 56Controlled Nuclear ReactorsThe ModeratorSlide 59Unpressurized steam reactorNuclear WasteNuclear FusionTerrestrial fusion reactionsRoutes to fusionInterior of Tokamak test reactorFusion reactorsNova laser facility (Livermore)Nova, cont.Fusion bombsSlide 70Slide 71Different reactor typesStored energyEnergy is releasedNow what?Uranium processingFission and FusionSlide 78Nuclear Binding EnergySlide 80How can this be?Image ReconstructionSlide 83Quark structure of nucleonsWhat is going on?Decay of 60CobaltSlide 87Nuclear Medicine: diagnosticNeutron productionSlide 90Energy stored in the nucleusNew material not covered by MTE1,2,3Binding energy of different nucleiSlide 94Guessing the decay routeRadiation damageThu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect291Evaluations•Please fill out evaluation and turn it in.–Written comments are very helpful!•Lecture will start 12:15 •Today, evaluate Prof. Rzchowski•If you weren’t here Tuesday, also evaluate Prof. Montaruli today.Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect292Final Exam•Fri, Dec 21, at 7:45-9:45 am in Ch 2103 •2 equation sheets allowed (HAND WRITTEN!) •About 40% on new material•Rest on topics of exam1, exam2, exam3. Study Tips:1. Download blank exams and take them.2. Download blank quizzes and take them.3. Look through group problems.4. Look through lab question sheets.5. Make up an exam question, explain solution to your study group.Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect293From last time…•Radioactive decay: alpha, beta, gamma•Radioactive half-lifeToday: • More about beta, gamma, decay• Medical uses of radiation• Nuclear fissionThu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect294From last time: Alpha radiationAlpha particle:(2 protons, 2 neutrons)Piece of atom (alpha particle) ejected from heavy nucleusThu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect295Decay sequence of 238UNumber of neutronsNumber of protons decayBut what are these?Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect296Beta decayNumber of neutronsNumber of protonsNumber of neutrons decreases by oneNumber of protons increases by oneElectron (beta particle) emittedBut nucleus has only neutrons & protons.Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect297Beta decay•Nucleus emits an electron (negative charge)•Must be balanced by a positive charge appearing in the nucleus.This occurs as a neutron changing into a protonThu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect298Changing particlesNeutron made up of quarks.One of the down quarks changed to an up quark.New combination of quarks is a proton.Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect299beta decay exampleUsed in radioactive carbon dating. Half-life 5,730 years. € 614C→ 714N+ e−8 neutrons6 protons7 neutrons7 protons14 nucleons14 nucleons6 positive charges7 positive charges==+1 electron+1 negative chargeThu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2910Other carbon decays•Lightest isotopes of carbon emit positron –antiparticle of electron, has positive charge!9 neutrons9 protons10 neutrons8 protons+e+This is antimatterThu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2911Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2912Antimatter•Every particle has an antiparticle.•Antimatter (anti-atoms) has been formed.Matter and antimatter annihilate Photons are created, conserving energy, momentum.Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2913Positron Emission Tomography - PETShort-lived radioactive tracer isotope emits positronPositron annihilates with nearby electron–e+ + e- → 2γ•Two 511 keV gamma rays are produced•They fly in opposite directions (to conserve momentum)IsotopeMax. Positron Range (mm)18F 2.611C 3.868Ga 9.082Rb 16.5Gamma Photon #2Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2914Emission Detection•If detectors receive gamma rays at the approx. same time, we have a detection•Nuclear physics sensor and electronicsRing of detectorsThu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2915Radioactive tracersWorked on radioactivity as student with Ernest Rutherford. Lodged in nearby boarding home.Suspected his landlady was serving meals later in the week ‘recycled’ from the Sunday meat pie. His landlady denied this!deHevesy described his first foray into nuclear medicine:George de HevesyGeorge de Hevesy“The coming Sunday in an unguarded moment Iadded some radioactive deposit [lead-212] to thefreshly prepared pie and on the following Wednesday,with the aid of an electroscope, I demonstrated to thelandlady the presence of the active deposit in the soufflé.”Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2916Detect ionizing radiation•ElectroscopeGeiger counterThu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2917Decay of 60Co•This is one of sources used in the lab.•Decays by electron emission, as predicted.•But decays to an excited state.•Photons emitted as excited state drops to its ground state.Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2918Gamma decayAlpha decay (alpha particle emitted), Beta decay (electron or positron emitted), can leave nucleus in excited state–Nucleus has excited states just like hydrogen atom–Emits photon as it drops to lower state.Nucleus also emits photon as it drops to ground stateThis is gamma radiationExtremely high energy photons.Ni6028Ni6028Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2919 Cancer Radiation Therapy•50-60% of cancer patients treated with radiation •Goal: disable cancerous cells without hurting healthy cells•Typically X and γ-rays (60Co) from 20 KV to 25 MV QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Thu, Dec. 13 2007 Phy208 Lect2920Radiation Levels•rad (radiation absorbed dose)•amount of radiation to deposit 0.01 J of energy in 1 kg of absorbing material•RBE (relative biological effectiveness = # rads of x-rays


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UW-Madison PHYSICS 208 - Lecture 29 Notes

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