CS 311 Data Structures and Algorithms, Fall 2009Midterm Exam SolutionsThe Midterm Exam was give in class on Wednesday, October 21, 2009.1. [4 pts] When we define a (non-template) class, we generally use two kinds of files. Indicate what each of these files is called and what it is for.• Header. Holds the class definition and prototypes of associated global function. Primarily for the interface of the class.• Source. Holds definitions of member functions and global functions. Primarily for the implementation of the class.2. [4 pts total] SRP.2a. [2 pts] What is the Single Responsibility Principle?Every module should have exactly one well defined responsibility.2b. [2 pts] Why is following SRP a good thing?It makes code easier to design, and easier to understand and maintain. It also improves error-handling capability.3. [4 pts] What important distinctions between arrays and Linked Lists do we need to consider when analyzing the efficiency of algorithms that deal with them? (Give at least two.)• Arrays are random-access, while Linked Lists are not. That is, in an array one can quickly access an item by its index. In a Linked List, this is slow.• Inserting and deleting at a given position is much faster in a Linked List than in an array.(exam page 2)4. [6 pts total] The Big Three.4a. [3 pts] What does the C++ “Law of the Big Three” state?If you declare one of the Big Three (copy constructor, copy assignment operator, destructor), then you should probably declare all of them.4b. [3 pts] In what circumstances do we usually need to write “the Big Three”?We usually need to write the Big Three when we an object manages a resource.5. [6 pts total] Order of Functions. Write the order of each function below, using big-O.5a. [3 pts]void func_a(int arr[], int n) // n is size of arr{ cout << "Item 0 = " << arr[0] << endl; cout << "Item 1 = " << arr[1] << endl; cout << "Item 2 = " << arr[2] << endl;}Order (big-O): O(1).5b. [3 pts]void func_b(int arr[], int n) // n is size of arr{ for (int a = 0; a < n; ++a) for (int b = 0; b < a; ++b) for (int c = 0; c < b; ++c) arr[c] += arr[b];}Order (big-O): O(n3).(exam page 3)6. [6 pts total] Resource Ownership.6a. [3 pts] In the context of this class, what does it mean to “own” a resource?To own a resource is to be responsible for releasing it.6b. [3 pts] Give two examples of resources that might be owned, and what it means to release each one.Here are three:• Dynamically allocated memory. Freeing the memory.• A dynamic object. Destroying the object and freeing its memory.• An open file. Flushing and closing the file.7. [6 pts total] Recursion vs. Iteration.7a. [4 pts] Recursion has a number of disadvantages, as contrasted with iteration. Give at least two of these.Here are three:• Recursion has more function-call overhead.• Recursion has poor error-handling in the case of stack overflow.• Recursion can easily (but not always!) lead to highly inefficient algorithms.7b. [2 pts] Under what circumstances is it very easy to convert recursive code to iterative form?When the code uses tail recursion.(exam page 4)8. [10 pts total] Order of Operations. In each part, indicate the order of the given operation, using big-O and, based on this, in words. Assume that a good algorithm is used, within the constraints given. Use n to denote the size of the input.8a. [2 pts] Find an item with a given value in a sorted array.Big-O: O(log n).In Words: Logarithmic time.8b. [2 pts] Print the middle item in an array of known size.Big-O: O(1).In Words: Constant time.8c. [2 pts] Print the middle item in a Linked List of known size.Big-O: O(n).In Words: Linear time.8d. [2 pts] Sort an array with Quicksort.Big-O: O(n2).In Words: Quadratic time.8e. [2 pts] Sort a Linked List.Big-O: O(n log n).In Words: Log-linear time.9. [4 pts] One strategy for dealing with a possible error condition in a function is to signal the client code that an error has occurred. What are two other strategies? Hint: These must not involve signaling the client code.• Prevent the error, using preconditions.• Contain the error, by fixing it inside the function.(exam page 5)10. [9 pts total] Properties of Algorithms.10a. [3 pts] What does it mean for an algorithm to be “scalable”?An algorithm is scalable if it works well with increasingly large problems.10b. [3 pts] What does it mean for an algorithm to be “in-place”?An algorithm is in-place if it does not require significant additional space, that is if is uses only constant additional space (beyond that required for its input).10c. [3 pts] What does it mean for an algorithm to be “stable”?An algorithm that rearranges a list (e.g., a sorting algorithm) is stable if it never changes the relative order of equivalent items.11. [4 pts] The Introsort algorithm is, for many purposes, the fastest sort known. However, in certain situations, some other algorithm is faster. List two such situations. For each, say which sorting algorithm would be faster in that situation.Here are three:• Sorting a small list. Insertion Sort.• Sorting a nearly sorted list. Insertion Sort.• Sorting a Linked List. Merge Sort.(exam page 6)12. [12 pts total] Impossible? Your friend Egbert is known for making wild claims. In each part, Egbert claims he has a new algorithm. Indicate whether Egbert claim is possible or impossible (circle one). If it is possible, explain how to do it. If impossible, explain why.12a. [4 pts] Egbert says, “I have a new algorithm that can find the largest number in any given unsorted array, in logarithmic time.”POSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLESuch an algorithm must read all of its input, which requires at least linear time.12b. [4 pts] Egbert says, “I have a new algorithm that can sort a list in linear time, assuming that each item’s position is no more than 1000 away from its position in the final sorted list.”POSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLEThis is nearly sorted data. Insertion Sort can do this.12c. [4 pts] Egbert says, “I have a new algorithm that can sort any list in linear time, given only an appropriate comparison function.”POSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLEEgbert is saying that he has a linear-time general-purpose comparison sort. However, we know that such sorts always require at least log-linear time.(exam page