Variable declarations and definitionsPrinceton University COS 217: Introduction to Programming Systems Spring 2008 Final Exam Preparation Topics You are responsible for all material covered in lectures, precepts, assignments, and required readings. This is a non-exhaustive list of topics that were covered. Topics that were covered after the midterm exam are in boldface. 1. C programming The program preparation process Memory layout: text, stack, heap, rodata, data, bss sections Data types Variable declarations and definitions Variable scope, linkage, and duration/extent Variables vs. values Operators Statements Function declarations and definitions Pointers Call-by-value and call-by-reference Arrays Strings Command-line arguments Constants: #define, enumerations, the "const" keyword Input/output functions Text files Structures Dynamic memory management: malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), free() Void pointers Function pointers and function callbacks Macros and their dangers (see King Section 14.3) The assert() macro Bitwise operators Unions The fwrite() and fread() functions 2. Programming style Modularity, interfaces, implementations Design by contract Multi-file programs using header files Protecting header files against accidental multiple inclusion Opaque pointers Stateless modules Abstract objects Page 1 of 4Abstract data types Memory "ownership" Checking invariants Testing Profiling and instrumentation Performance tuning 3. Representations The binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems Signed vs. unsigned integers Binary arithmetic Signed-magnitude, one's complement, and two's complement representation of negative integers 4. IA-32 architecture and assembly language General computer architecture The Von Neumann architecture Control unit vs. ALU The memory hierarchy: registers vs. cache vs. memory vs. disk Instruction pipelining Little-endian vs. big-endian byte order CISC vs. RISC Language levels: high-level vs. assembly vs. machine Assembly language Directives (.section, .asciz, .long, etc.) Mnemonics (movl, addl, call, etc.) Instruction operands: immediate, register, memory Memory addressing modes The stack and local variables The stack and function calls The C function call convention Machine language Opcodes The ModR/M byte Immediate, register, memory, displacement operands Assemblers The forward reference problem Pass 1: Create symbol table Pass 2: Use symbol table to generate data section, rodata section, bss section, text section, relocation records Linkers Resolution: Fetch library code Relocation: Use relocation records and symbol table to patch code Page 2 of 45. Operating systems Services provided Processes The process lifecycle Context switches Virtual memory Computer security Buffer overrun attacks UNIX processes System calls: getpid(), execvp(), fork(), wait(), system() UNIX I/O The stream abstraction System calls: open(), creat(), close(), read(), write(), dup(), dup2() Buffering UNIX inter-process communication Pipes Sockets System calls: pipe(), close(), dup(), dup2() UNIX Signals Sending signals Via keystrokes Via the kill command Via the raise() and kill() functions Installing signal handler functions The signal() and sigaction() functions Ignoring signals Race conditions Blocking signals The sigprocmask() function UNIX alarms and timers The alarm() function The setitimer() function 6. Applications De-commenting Lexical analysis via finite state automata String manipulation Symbol tables, linked lists, hash tables Dynamically expanding arrays XOR encryption Dynamic memory management Optimizing free() Optimizing malloc() Shells 7. Tools: The UNIX/GNU programming environment UNIX, bash, xemacs, gcc, gdb, gdb for assembly language, make, gprof Page 3 of 4Readings As specified by the course "Schedule" Web page. Readings that were assigned after the midterm exam are in boldface. Required: • C Programming (King): 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19.1-3,20 Alternate: The C Programming Language (Kernighan & Ritchie): 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B11 • The C Programming Language (Kernighan & Ritchie): 8.7 • The Practice of Programming (Kernighan & Pike): 1,2,4,5,6,7,8 • Programming from the Ground Up (Bartlett): 1,2,3,4,9,10,B,E,F Alternate: Computer Systems (Bryant & O'Hallaron): 2,3 • Communications of the ACM "Detection and Prevention of Stack Buffer Overflow Attacks" • The UNIX Programming Environment (Kernighan & Pike): 7.4,7.5 Recommended: • C Programming (King): 19.4 • Programming from the Ground Up (Bartlett): 5,6,7,8,11,12,13,C Alternate: Computer Systems (Bryant & O'Hallaron): 1,5,7 • Programming with GNU Software (Loukides & Oram): 1,2,3,4,6,7,9 • The C Programming Language (Kernighan & Ritchie): 8.1,8.2,8.3,B9 Recommended, for reference only: • Using as, the GNU Assembler • IA32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual: Volume 1: Basic Architecture • IA32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual: Volume 2: Instruction Set Reference • IA32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual: Volume 3: System Programming Guide • Tool Interface Standard (TIS) Executable and Linking Format (ELF) Specification There is no need to bring the reference manuals to the exam. Copyright © 2008 by Robert M. Dondero, Jr. Page 4 of
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