ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: Nuclear Magnet Resonance (NMR) sensorOutlineReference listTo explore furtherMajor applications of NMRIntroduction of NMRIntroduction of NMR cont…Slide 8Slide 9An Example of 1H-NMR spectrum of ethanol"INSIDE-OUT" NMR Sensor“inside-out” NMR SensorNMR Sensors for well-loggingNMR Sensors for well-logging cont…NMR Surface SensorsNMR Surface Sensors cont…Portable NMR SensorsLimitations for NMR SensorsWhere to buyMakers of NMR equipmentECE5320 MechatronicsAssignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Assignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: Nuclear Magnet Resonance (NMR) sensor3/7/2008Prepared by:Yiding HanDept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State UniversityE: [email protected]/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-2Outline –Reference list–To explore further–Major applications of NMR–Introduction of NMR–An Example of 1H-NMR spectrum of ethanol–“INSIDE-OUT” NMR Sensors–Limitations–Where to buy–Makers of NMR apparatus01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-3Reference list•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance•John C. Edwards, Ph.D. Principles of NMR, http://www.process-nmr.com/pdfs/NMR%20Overview.pdf•Jaideva C. Goswami, Senior Member, IEEE, Apo Sezginer, Senior Member, IEEE, and Bruno Luong, On the Design of NMR Sensor for Well-Logging Applications•http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/inside.htm01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-4To explore further •http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6215304.html•http://www.process-nmr.com/nmr_surface_sensors.htm•http://www.spectroscopynow.com/coi/cda/home.cda?chId=5•http://www.wfu.edu/~ylwong/chem/nmr/h1/•http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jpcbfk/2003/107/i43/abs/jp0349740.html01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-5Major applications of NMR •Medicine•Chemistry•Non-destructive testing•Data acquisition in the petroleum industry•Process control•Earth's field NMR•Magnetometers01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-6Introduction of NMR•Most atomic nuclei such as 1H, 13C, 19F, 31P,29Si, and 199Hg possess a physical property known as spin. As a result of its electrical charge, the spinning nucleus possesses a magnetic moment μ. Thus it acts as a tiny bar magnet with its axis along the axis of rotation. •When the nucleus is placed in an external magnetic field B0, the energetically most favorable state is reached when the magnetic moment is oriented parallel to B0.•The orientation of nuclear spins is quantitized. In the case of an isolated 1H nucleus only two orientations are possible, one parallel to B0, which is energetically favorable, and one antiparallel to B0. The energy difference ΔE between both orientations is given by0antiparallel parallelE E E hBgD = - =h is Planck’s constant and γ is the gyromagnetic ratioTwo allowed orientations (parallel and antiparallel) of a nuclear spin with magnetic moment μ in an external magnetic field B0.01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-7Introduction of NMR cont…•In equilibrium, the nuclear spins are not evenly distributed over both energy levels.•According to Boltzmann’s law, the lower energy level is slightly more populated than the higher energy level. Radio frequency (RF) waves, when transmitted to the sample, induce transitions between the energy levels only if the RF frequency ν matches exactly the energy difference ΔE according to Planck’s law (ΔE = hν). This is called the resonance frequency of a nucleus, vresonance0resonanceBn g=01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-8Introduction of NMR cont…•As a result of the transitions, the population of the higher energy level is slightly increased. This process is called excitation. •Only nuclei with a resonance frequency within the frequency bandwidth of the RF pulse are excited. •Immediately after full excitation, the nuclear spins are distributed evenly over both energy levels. •Subsequently, the spins return slowly to the equilibrium distribution by emitting an RF signal at the resonance frequency, which is detected by the NMR spectrometerthe main components of a modern NMR spectrometer.01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-9Introduction of NMR cont…•The basic NMR spectrum is a plot of intensity versus frequency of the RF signal detected by the NMR spectrometer.•From the NMR spectrum, we can observe valuable information about chemistry and molecular structure01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-10An Example of 1H-NMR spectrum of ethanol•1H-NMR spectrum of ethanol shows the signals of all hydrogen atoms in the molecule.•Red line - The integral of the spectrum.•Chemical shift (ppm) = resonance frequency (Hz) * 106 / γB0.•Tetramethylsilane (TMS) was added to the sample. It give rise to a single signal at 0 ppm by standard. It is the universal chemical shift reference for 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR.01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-11"INSIDE-OUT" NMR Sensor•What is “inside-out” NMR sensor?–The term “inside-out” mean that the sample, usually inside of the tube of a NMR spectrometer, is placed outside of the NMR sensor. This design allows the NMR probe to detect NMR spectrum of the sample from almost any size and shape.–An NMR sensor includes a magnetic field generating assembly, an RF antenna, and a plurality of ferrite members which couple with RF magnetic fields transmitted or received by the RF antenna. The sensor is typically used in apparatus for performing borehole measurements.01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-12“inside-out” NMR SensorCross section of an inside-out NMR well-logging sensor01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-13NMR Sensors for well-logging•In the last few years, NMR measurements have become an important part of oilfield well logging to identify and quantify oil and gas reservoirs.01/15/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and
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