BSC 215 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Current LectureI. Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology.II. Hierarchy of ComplexityIII. Know Organ Systems Figure A.11 in Atlas section in textbook. IV. Hierarchy of Complexity ContinuedV. Organ systems cooperate to maintain lifeVI. HomeostasisVII. Homeostasis Negative FeedbackVIII. Homeostasis Positive FeedbackIX. Key Anatomical TermsX. Body PlanesXI. Primary body cavitiesXII. Visualizing the bodyCurrent Lecture I. Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology. A. Definition of Anatomy a. Concerned with structure of body parts and geographical relationships among body partsb. Deals with formB. Types of Anatomya. Histologyi. Microscopic anatomy; tissue structureb. SystemicThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Structures associated with one system throughout the bodyc. Regionali. Structures located in the same basic regiond. Cytologyi. Microscopic anatomy; cell structuree. Grossi. Structures observable to the naked eyeC. Definition of Physiologya. Concerned with function of structures in the bodyD. Types of Physiologya. Renali. Function of the kidney and associated structuresb. Musclei. Function of muscle tissueII. Hierarchy of Complexitya. Organism is composed of organ systemsb. Organ systems composed of organsc. Organs composed of tissuesd. Tissues composed of cellse. Cells composed of organellesf. Organelles composed of moleculesg. Molecules composed of atomsIII. Know Organ Systems Figure A.11 in Atlas section in textbook. IV. Hierarchy of Complexity Continueda. Reductionismi. Large complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components1. Highly productive approach2. Essential to scientific thinkingb. Holismi. There are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts1. Humans are more than the sum of their parts2. Complementary theory to reductionismV. Organ systems cooperate to maintain lifea. Compartmentalizationi. Separate internal and external environments from the sub cellular scale upwards1. Ex. Heartb. Metabolismi. Driving force of the body; making (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) substances for use in the bodyc. Developmenti. Change in structure or function during the life of an organismd. HOMEOSTASIS : (Important to know)i. Maintain internal conditions despite external conditions 1. Ex. Temperaturea. Keeping conditions stablee. Responsivenessi. Sensing and responding to environmental change; muscle contractilityf. Reproductioni. Production of sperm and eggg. Evolutioni. Change in the genetic composition of a population over timeh. Organ systems need input to maintain life body and environmental conditions must be conducive to life.i. Nutrientsi. Carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins and mineralsj. Oxygeni. Extracting oxygen from air for bodily functionk. Wateri. 60-80% of body compositonl. Body temperaturei. 37 degrees must be maintained to promote optimal chemical RXm. Atmospheric pressurei. Support of metabolism1. Can change metabolismVI. Homeostasisa. Recognizing limitsb. Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment. c. Dynamicd. Set pointsi. Can varyii. Not fixede. Internal conditions are always variable f. Maintaining homeostasisi. Coordination among organ systemsii. Ability to translate environmental change into physiological changeiii. Communication among organ systems1. Nervous and endocrine systemsiv. 5 Steps1. Sensor all over the body2. Afferent approaches control centera. Nerves leading to the brain3. Control4. Efferent exits control center5. Effectora. Makes changeb. Most times it is the organVII. Homeostasis Negative Feedbacka. Negative feedback loopi. Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse itii. Tries to get things to go back to normaliii. It is something outside of normal that once something happens it brings it back to normaliv. Ex. Shivering when you are cold produces heatv. Ex. Cooling effect that happens when you sweatb. Feedback failurei. Disease states1. Growth hormone is secreted all the timeVIII.Homeostasis Positive Feedbacka. An emergency happensb. Temporarily taking conditions away from normalc. Ex. When you get a paper cut: leads to a blood clotd. These conditions don’t last longe. Sometimes your body needs to amplify deviations from the set pointf. Oxytocin causes contraction of the uterus IX. Key Anatomical Termsa. Superiori. Toward the head of the structureb. Inferiori. Toward the lower part of the structureii. Away from the head of the structurec. Ventrali. Towards the front of the bodyd. Dorsali. Towards the back of the bodye. Mediali. Toward the inner side of the bodyf. Laterali. Away from the midlineg. Intermediatei. Between a more medial and a more lateral structureh. Proximali. Closer to the origin part of the bodyi. Distali. Farther from the origin of a body partj. Superficiali. Toward or at the body surfacek. Deepi. Away from the body surfaceX. Body Planesa. Frontali. Divide into anterior and posteriorb. Mediani. Exactly along midlinec. Transversei. Divide into superior and inferiord. Sagittali. Divide into right and lefXI. Primary body cavitiesa. Dorsali. Backsideb. Ventrali. Vital organsc. Serosai. Double layered membrane that lines the ventral body cavity and outer surface of organs it contains1. Contains fluida. Fluid= reduces friction and makes more efficientd. Parietal Serosai. Lines cavity wallse. Visceral serosai. Lines organsXII. Visualizing the bodya. X-rayi. Bad sof tissue imagingb. CT Scani. Modification of x-ray1. Spinning tube allows cross section slices of the body to be visualizedc. Positron Emission Tomographyi. Observation of metabolic processes1. Metabolic activity in tissue2. Give radiolabeled glucose3. Shows lack of metabolic activity4. Detects tumorsd. MRIi. Magnetic field manipulating water molecules in tissuese. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagingi. Interprets brain waves and activities1. Sleep and dreamsf. Sonographyi. Bounces off