Science and the Scientific MethodWhat is Science?Who is a Scientist?What is the Scientific Method?ScienceNew convention“Modern” science only since 19th centuryBefore: natural philosophyInfluence of ancient Greek textsAristotleLater combined with Christian philosophyHeresy: a big problemScienceMany fathers of modern scienceGalileo Galilei: historical confrontation with ChurchLeonardo da Vinci: 150 years earlierNot influenced by ancient texts, didn’t read Greek or LatinEmpirical method: collection of data on which to base a theory or derive a conclusionFluid dynamics, anatomy, botany, and everything elseScienceProcess—a way of looking at and evaluating the physical worldAccumulated body of knowledge—all of the information that has accumulated using the scientific methodScientists—do scienceScienceProcess—Scientific MethodHumans do it—for all the good reasons and all the bad reasonsHumans do it—honestly and fraudulentlyHumans do it—altruistically and for personal gain and gloryJust because we can do it, should we do it?ScienceScientific Method: series of procedural stepsObservationGeneralizationHypothesis Formation (as opposed to empirical, OED)Experimentation: design and data collectionData analysisCommunicationObservation and GeneralizationScienceHypothesis FormationMore than just an educated guess, suggest a possible explanationScienceExperimentationDesignData collectionScienceData AnalysisDoes the data agree or disagree with the hypothesis?Reevaluate data, hypothesis, statistical toolsScienceCommunicationScienceNot all scientific endeavors follow scientific method to the smallest detailStudies may involve observation, measurementField studiesPopulationsToxin levelsScienceNot all things can be studied scientificallyObservableRepeatableQuantifiableVerifiableParadigmsModels that guide how we view eventsParadigm shiftsScience and the Scientific MethodScience and the Scientific MethodWhat is Science?What is Science?Who is a Scientist?Who is a Scientist?What is the Scientific Method?What is the Scientific Method?ScienceScienceNew conventionNew convention““ModernModern”” science only since 19 science only since 19thth century centuryBefore: natural philosophyBefore: natural philosophyInfluence of ancient Greek textsInfluence of ancient Greek textsAristotleAristotleLater combined with Christian philosophyLater combined with Christian philosophyHeresy: a big problemHeresy: a big problemScienceScienceMany fathers of modern scienceMany fathers of modern scienceGalileo Galilei: historical confrontation with ChurchGalileo Galilei: historical confrontation with ChurchLeonardo da Vinci: 150 years earlierLeonardo da Vinci: 150 years earlierNot influenced by ancient texts, didnNot influenced by ancient texts, didn’’t read Greek or Latint read Greek or LatinEmpirical method: collection of data on which to base a theory orEmpirical method: collection of data on which to base a theory orderive a conclusion derive a conclusion Fluid dynamics, anatomy, botany, and everything elseFluid dynamics, anatomy, botany, and everything elseScienceScienceProcessProcess——a way of looking at and evaluating the physical worlda way of looking at and evaluating the physical worldAccumulated body of knowledgeAccumulated body of knowledge——all of the information that has all of the information that has accumulated using the scientific methodaccumulated using the scientific methodScientistsScientists——do sciencedo scienceScienceScienceProcessProcess——Scientific MethodScientific MethodHumans do itHumans do it——for all the good reasons and all the bad reasonsfor all the good reasons and all the bad reasonsHumans do itHumans do it——honestly and fraudulentlyhonestly and fraudulentlyHumans do itHumans do it——altruistically and for personal gain and gloryaltruistically and for personal gain and gloryJust because we can do it, should we do it?Just because we can do it, should we do it?ScienceScienceScientific Method: series of procedural stepsScientific Method: series of procedural stepsObservationObservationGeneralizationGeneralizationHypothesis Formation (as opposed to empirical, OED)Hypothesis Formation (as opposed to empirical, OED)Experimentation: design and data collectionExperimentation: design and data collectionData analysisData analysisCommunicationCommunicationObservation and GeneralizationObservation and GeneralizationScienceScienceHypothesis FormationHypothesis FormationMore than just an educated guess, suggest a possible More than just an educated guess, suggest a possible explanationexplanationScienceScienceExperimentationExperimentationDesignDesignData collectionData collectionScienceScienceData AnalysisData AnalysisDoes the data agree or disagree with the hypothesis?Does the data agree or disagree with the hypothesis?Reevaluate data, hypothesis, statistical toolsReevaluate data, hypothesis, statistical toolsScienceScienceCommunicationCommunicationScienceScienceNot all scientific endeavors follow scientific method to the Not all scientific endeavors follow scientific method to the smallest detailsmallest detailStudies may involve observation, measurementStudies may involve observation, measurementField studiesField studiesPopulationsPopulationsToxin levelsToxin levelsScienceScienceNot all things can be studied scientificallyNot all things can be studied scientificallyObservableObservableRepeatableRepeatableQuantifiableQuantifiableVerifiableVerifiableParadigmsParadigmsModels that guide how we view eventsModels that guide how we view eventsParadigm shiftsParadigm