Political Science 201 Book OutlinesChapter 1:-government: the institutions and procedures though which land and its people are ruled.-autocracy: a form of government in which a single individual rules-oligarchy: a form of government in which a small group of landowners, mili-tary officers, or wealthy merchants controls most of the governing deci-sions. -democracy: a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the selection of key public of-ficials.-constitutional government: a system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of the government.-authoritarian government: a system of rule in which the government recog-nizes no formal limits but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions.Politics possesses an underlying logic that can be understood in terms of fivedifferent principles:1. All political behaviors has a purpose2. Institutions structure politics3. All politics is collective action4. Political outcomes are the products of individual preferences, institu-tional procedures and collective action.5. How we got here matters.-totalitarian government: a system of rule in which the government recog-nizes no formal limits on its power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it. - politics: the conflicts and struggles over the leadership, structure and the policies of government-instrumental: done with purpose, sometimes with forethought, and even with calculation-institutions: the rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping politics.-jurisdiction: the domain over which an institution or member of an institu-tion has authority-agenda power: the control over what a group will consider for discussion-veto power: the ability to defeat something even if it has made it on to the agenda of an institution-delegation: the transmission of authority to some other official or body for the latter’s use (though often with the right of review and revision)-principal-agent relationship: the relationship between a principal and his or her agent. this relationship may be affected by the fact that each is moti-vated by self-interest, yet their interests may not be well aligned.-transaction costs: the cost of clarifying each aspect of a principal-agent re-lationship and monitoring it to make sure arrangements are complied with. -collective action: the pooling of resources and the coordination of effort andactivity by a group of people.-free riding: enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting othersbear the costs.-public good: a good that may be enjoyed by anyone if it is provided and maynot be denied once it has been provided.-by-product theory: the idea that groups provide members with private bene-fits to attract membership. The possibility of group collective action emerges as a consequence. -selective benefits: benefits that do not go to everyone but rather are dis-tributed selectively; only to those who contribute to the group enterprise.-path dependency: the idea that certain possibilities are made more or less likely because of the historical path