Biology 528, Behavioral Ecology, Midterm Exam, Fall 2004Quick ID questions 2 pts each. Give a definition or explanation of each of the following.Bateman’s PrincipleZahaviIntention MovementOptimalMarginal Value and/or Diminishing ReturnsSignal (versus sign)Sperm competitionCoevolutionary arms raceLek paradoxCondition-dependent trait expressionEssay Questions 20 pts eachAnswer four of the following five questions; you pick which four. Answer them ascompletely as you possibly can, including examples and discussion where appropriate.(1) What are the assumptions and predictions of the Ideal Free Distribution (IFD)? Besure to give examples of situations where those assumptions are (at least mostly) met andanimals follow an IFD, as well as examples where the assumptions are not met andanimals do not follow an IFD.(2) Here is a graph showing fitness as a function of time for a female parasitoid wasp thathas to search for potential hosts, and then start laying eggs on the host once found. Eachhost supports a certain number of baby wasps just fine, any more results in lower survival(and so lower fitness for the female wasp), i.e. there is an optimal clutch size for the waspfor any given host. Wasps often lay fewer eggs than the ‘optimal’ clutch size that thehost can support. Apply your understanding of trade-offs and optimality to this situationto answer the following: What is the wasp maximizing? How is that representedgraphically? Draw a line and mark the true optimal clutch size for a wasp if hosts arecommon enough that the average search time is marked by the arrow. Finally, make yourown graph of the ‘true optimal clutch size’ (y axis) as a function of host abundance (xaxis).(3) Explain the following graph in words. Also draw on the graph the optimal levels ofsignaling for low and high quality individuals.(4) Discuss fighting and assessment among animals that differ in motivation and/orfighting ability. Under what circumstances should we expect very escalated fights amonganimals? Under what circumstances should we expect animals to avoid costly fights?Give at least one example of animal conflict that involves escalating assessment.(5) Discuss the optimality approach to behavioral evolution. Include discussion of: thecurrency used, the genetic assumptions, and whether or not the approach implies thatanimals ‘know what is good for them’, or are ‘smart’, make ‘decisions’