OSWAGO AST 311 - Chapter 11 Jovian Planet Systems

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Chapter 11 Jovian Planet Systems11.1 A Different Kind of PlanetAre jovian planets all alike?Jovian Planet CompositionDensity DifferencesSlide 6Sizes of Jovian PlanetsSlide 8Rotation and ShapeWhat are jovian planets like on the inside?Interiors of Jovian PlanetsInside JupiterSlide 13Comparing Jovian InteriorsJupiter’s Internal HeatInternal Heat of Other PlanetsWhat is the weather like on jovian planets?Jupiter’s AtmosphereJovian Planet AtmospheresJupiter’s colorsSaturn’s colorsMethane on Uranus and NeptuneJupiter’s BandsJupiter’s Great Red SpotWeather on Jovian PlanetsDo jovian planets have magnetospheres like Earth’s?Jupiter’s MagnetosphereOther MagnetospheresThought QuestionSlide 30What have we learned?Slide 3211.2 A Wealth of Worlds: Satellites of Ice and RockWhat kinds of moons orbit the jovian planets?Sizes of MoonsMedium & Large MoonsSmall MoonsSlide 38Why are Jupiter’s Galilean moons so geologically active?Io’s Volcanic ActivityIo’s VolcanoesTidal HeatingOrbital ResonancesEuropa’s Ocean: Waterworld?Tidal stresses crack Europa’s surface ice.Europa’s interior also warmed by tidal heatingGanymedeCallistoSlide 49Slide 50What is special about Titan and other major moons of the outer solar system?Titan’s AtmosphereTitan’s SurfaceMedium Moons of SaturnMedium Moons of UranusNeptune’s Moon TritonWhy are small icy moons more geologically active than small rocky planets?Rocky Planets vs. Icy MoonsSlide 59Slide 6011.3 Jovian Planet RingsWhat are Saturn’s rings like?Slide 63Earth-based viewSpacecraft view of ring gapsArtist’s conception of close-upGap MoonsShepherd MoonsResonance GapsHow do other jovian ring systems compare to Saturn’s?Jovian Ring SystemsWhy do the jovian planets have rings?Slide 73How do we know?Ring FormationSlide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Chapter 11Jovian Planet Systems11.1 A Different Kind of Planet•Our goals for learning•Are jovian planets all alike?•What are jovian planets like on the inside?•What is the weather like on jovian planets?•Do jovian planets have magnetospheres like Earth’s?Are jovian planets all alike?Jovian Planet Composition•Jupiter and Saturn–Mostly H and He gas•Uranus and Neptune–Mostly hydrogen compounds: water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3)–Some H, He, and rockDensity Differences00.511.52JupiterSaturnUranusNeptune Density (g/ cc)•Uranus and Neptune are denser than Saturn because they have less H/He, proportionatelyDensity Differences00.511.52JupiterSaturnUranusNeptune Density (g/ cc)•But that explanation doesn’t work for Jupiter….Sizes of Jovian Planets•Adding mass to a jovian planet compresses the underlying gas layersSizes of Jovian Planets•Greater compression is why Jupiter is not much larger than Saturn even though it is three times more massive•Jovian planets with even more mass can be smaller than JupiterRotation and Shape•Jovian planets are not quite spherical because of their rapid rotationWhat are jovian planets like on the inside?Interiors of Jovian Planets•No solid surface. •Layers under high pressure and temperatures. •Cores (~10 Earth masses) made of hydrogen compounds, metals & rock•The layers are different for the different planets. WHY?Inside Jupiter•High pressures inside Jupiter cause phase of hydrogen to change with depth•Hydrogen acts like a metal at great depths because its electrons move freelyInside Jupiter•Core is thought to be made of rock, metals, and hydrogen compounds•Core is about same size as Earth but 10 times as massiveComparing Jovian Interiors•Models suggest cores of jovian planets have similar composition•Lower pressures inside Uranus and Neptune mean no metallic hydrogenJupiter’s Internal Heat•Jupiter radiates twice as much energy it receives from Sun•Energy probably comes from slow contraction of interior (releasing potential energy)Internal Heat of Other Planets•Saturn also radiates twice as much energy it receives from Sun•Energy probably comes from differentiation (helium rain)•Neptune emits nearly twice as much energy as it recieves, but the source of that energy remains mysteriousWhat is the weather like on jovian planets?Jupiter’s Atmosphere•Hydrogen compounds in Jupiter form clouds•Different cloud layers correspond to freezing points of different hydrogen compoundsH2ONH4SHNH3Jovian Planet Atmospheres•Other jovian planets have cloud layers similar to Jupiter’s•Different compounds make clouds of different colorsJupiter’s colors•Ammonium sulfide clouds (NH4SH) reflect red/brown.•Ammonia, the highest, coldest layer, reflects white.Saturn’s colors•Saturn’s layers are similar, but deeper in and farther from the Sun --- more subdued.Methane on Uranus and Neptune•Methane gas of Neptune and Uranus absorb red light but transmit blue light•Blue light reflects off methane clouds, making those planes look blueJupiter’s BandsWhite ammonia clouds form where air risesCoriolis effect changes N-S flow to E-W windsBetween white clouds we see deeper reddish clouds of NH4SHWarmer red bands are brighter in IRJupiter’s Great Red Spot•A storm twice as wide as Earth•Has existed for at least 3 centuriesWeather on Jovian Planets•All the jovian planets have strong winds and stormsDo jovian planets have magnetospheres like Earth’s?Jupiter’s Magnetosphere•Jupiter’s strong magnetic field gives it an enormous magnetosphere•Gases escaping Io feed the donut-shaped Io torusAurora on JupiterOther Magnetospheres•All the jovian planets have substantial magnetospheres, but Jupiter’s is largest by farThought Question Jupiter does not have a large metal core like the Earth. How can it have a magnetic field?a) The magnetic field is left over from when Jupiter accreted b) Its magnetic field comes from the Sunc) It has metallic hydrogen inside, which circulates and makes a magnetic fieldd) That’s why its magnetic field is weakThought Question Jupiter does not have a large metal core like the Earth. How can it have a magnetic field?a) The magnetic field is left over from when Jupiter accreted b) Its magnetic field comes from the Sunc) It has metallic hydrogen inside, which circulates and makes a magnetic fieldd) That’s why its magnetic field is weakWhat have we learned?•Are jovian planets all alike?–Jupiter and Saturn are mostly H and He gas–Uranus and Nepture are mostly H compounds•What are jovian planets like on the inside?–Layered interiors with


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OSWAGO AST 311 - Chapter 11 Jovian Planet Systems

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