EthicsSlide 2Slide 3Major approaches to ethicsPowerPoint PresentationSlide 6Slide 7Ethical Concerns to the Research CommunitySlide 9Slide 10Ethical Guidelines for Research with HumansInformed ConsentInformed Consent with Minors as Research ParticipantsDeceptionFreedom to WithdrawProtection from Mental and Physical HarmEconomic Regulation of ResearchPolitical Regulation of ResearchSlide 19Slide 20Institutional Review BoardThere are three ways, and three ways only, to encourage participation ethically (Senese 1997): CASE: TEAROOM TRADECASE: TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDYCASE: ZIMBARDO'S PRISON SIMULATIONDiscussion Scenario (s)Slide 27EthicsPolitics of ResearchEthicsEthicsWhat are ethics?What are common ethical issues that seem to surface in research?When should ethical issues be considered?EthicsEthics: principles for guiding decision making and reconciling conflicting valuesPeople may disagree on ‘ethics’ because People may disagree on ‘ethics’ because it is based on people's personal value it is based on people's personal value systemssystemsWhat one person considers to be good or What one person considers to be good or right may be considered bad or wrong by right may be considered bad or wrong by another person another personMajor approaches to ethics Deontological ApproachThis approach states that we should identify and use a Universal code when making ethical decisions. An action is either ethical or not ethical, without exception.Ethical skepticismThis is the relativist viewpoint, stating that ethical standards are not universal but are relative to one's particular culture and time.UtilitarianismThis is a very practical viewpoint, stating that decisions about the ethics of a study should depend on the balance of the consequences and benefits for the research participants and the larger society.The utilitarian approach is used by most people in academia (such as Institutional Review Boards). "Do the potential benefits outweigh the risks associated with this research?"Ethical Concerns to the Research Community1. The relationship between society and science. Many research ideas come from Many research ideas come from areas considered important in areas considered important in society.society.The federal government and other The federal government and other funding agencies use grants to funding agencies use grants to affect the areas researchers affect the areas researchers choose to examine. choose to examine.2. Professional issues. The primary ethical concern here is fraudulent activity by The primary ethical concern here is fraudulent activity by scientists. Cheating or lying are scientists. Cheating or lying are nevernever defensible. defensible.Two related issues are Two related issues are partial publicatiopartial publication(publishing several n(publishing several articles from the data collected in one large study) and articles from the data collected in one large study) and duplicate duplicate publicationpublication (publishing the same results in more than one (publishing the same results in more than one publication).publication).Partial publicationPartial publication is usually not unethical for large research is usually not unethical for large research studies where partial reports of data are likely. studies where partial reports of data are likely. Duplicate publicationDuplicate publication is sometimes acceptable when the results is sometimes acceptable when the results are being reported to different audiences in publications tailored are being reported to different audiences in publications tailored to those particular audiences.to those particular audiences.3. Treatment of research participants. This is probably the most This is probably the most fundamental ethical issue. fundamental ethical issue. It involves insuring that research It involves insuring that research participants are not harmed participants are not harmed physically or psychologically.physically or psychologically.Ethical Guidelines for Research with HumansOne set of guidelines specifically developed to guide research conducted by educational researchers is the AERA Guidelines. The AERA is the largest professional association in the field of education, and is also known as the American Educational Research Association.Informed ConsentThis is the process of providing the research participants with information enables them to make an informed decision as to whether they want to participate in the research study. State the purpose of the research and describe the procedures to be followed. Describe any potential risks or discomforts the participant may encounter. Describe any potential benefits from participation. Describe extant to which results will be kept confidential. Give a list of names the participants may contact with any questions they have. : State that participant is voluntary and that they are free to withdraw from the study at any time.Informed Consent with Minors as Research ParticipantsConsent must be obtained from parents or guardians. Assent must also be obtained from minors who are old enough or have enough intellectual capacity to say they are willing to participate.DeceptionProviding false information to the participant about the nature and/or purpose of the studyIt is discouraged by the AERA, but not disallowed in all cases. It is discouraged by the AERA, but not disallowed in all cases. Sometimes deception is required in order to conduct a valid research Sometimes deception is required in order to conduct a valid research study. The researcher must justify the use of deception.study. The researcher must justify the use of deception. If deception is used the following are very important: If deception is used the following are very important: Debriefing is an interview with the research participant providing an Debriefing is an interview with the research participant providing an opportunity for the experimenter to reveal deceptive aspects of the study opportunity for the