Chapter 15Social Crises, War, and RebellionsThe Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648)RebellionsThe Thirty Years’ WarAbsolutismFranceFrench AbsolutismThe Reign of Louis XIV (1643 – 1715)Expansion of FranceThe Palace of VersaillesAbsolutism in Central and Eastern EuropeThe Growth of Brandenburg-PrussiaThe Emergence of AustriaThe Growth of the Austrian EmpireRussia: From Fledgling Principality to Major PowerSt. Basil’s Cathedral - MoscowThe Reign of Peter the Great Expansion under Peter the GreatThe Winter Palace – St. Petersburg, RussiaRussia: From Principality to Nation-StateThe Ottoman Empire, The Limits of AbsolutismLimited Monarchy: The Dutch Republic and EnglandEngland and the Emergence of Constitutional MonarchyCivil War (1642 – 1648)Restoration & a Glorious RevolutionResponses to the RevolutionThe Flourishing of European CultureThe Baroque Trevi Fountain in RomeA Wondrous Age of TheaterDiscussion QuestionsWeb LinksChapter 15State Building and theSearch for Order in theSeventeenth CenturySocial Crises, War, and RebellionsEconomic contractionPopulation changesThe Witchcraft CrazeWitchcraft before the Sixteenth and Seventeenth CenturyIncreased persecution and executionsAccusations against witchesReasons for Witch craze• Religious Uncertainty• Social ConditionsWomen as primary victimsBegins to subside by mid Seventeenth CenturyThe Thirty Years War (1618 –1648)Conflict begins between Catholics (Habsburg) and Calvinists (Bohemia)Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain join inConflict between Habsburg Spain and Bourbon FrancePeace of Westphalia (1648)End of the Holy Roman EmpireSocial and Economic effects debatedRebellionsPeasant Revolts (1590 – 1640)France, Austria, Hungary, Portugal and CataloniaRussia (1641, 1645 and 1648)Switzerland (1656)Noble Revolts in France (1648 – 1652)The Thirty Years’ War©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™is a trademark used herein under license.AbsolutismHow was Absolutism practiced in Europe of the 17thcentury?FranceFrance and Absolute MonarchyOrigins of French AbsolutismDirect taxation by King – dating back to Hundred Years WarDemand for order after 30Years WarFrench Absolutism• Cardinal Richelieu  Weakens Huguenots and nobles Battle of La Rochelle 1628• Cardinal Mazarin • Growth of Bureaucracy• Sale of offices The Fronde – Noble RevoltThe Reign of Louis XIV (1643 –1715)Restructure the Central GovernmentVersaillesThe High NobilityCoopting rivals ReligionEdict of Fontainebleau (1685)FinancesExpansion of FranceJean Baptist Colbert Professional Army100,000 men in peacetime; 400,000 in wartimeFour wars between 1667 – 1713The Palace of VersaillesAbsolutism in Central and Eastern EuropeThe German StatesThe Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia• The Hohenzollern Dynasty• Frederick William the Great Elector Army General War Commissariat to levy taxes• Frederick III • King of Prussia (1701)The Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™is a trademark used herein under license.The Emergence of AustriaHabsburgsLeopold I (1658 – 1705)Expands eastwardConflicts with the Turks• Siege of Vienna (1683)Multinational EmpireThe Growth of the Austrian Empire©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™is a trademark used herein under license.Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major PowerMoscowIvan IV the Terrible First TsarRomanov DynastyStratified SocietyTsarLanded AristocratsPeasants and TownspeopleSt. Basil’s Cathedral - MoscowThe Reign of Peter the Great Visits the WestReorganizes armed forcesReorganizes central governmentDivides Russia into provincesSeeks control of the Russian Church Introduces Western CustomsBook of EtiquettesExpansion under Peter the GreatPositive Impact of Reforms on Women“Open a window to the West”Attacks Sweden Russia gains control of Estonia, Livonia and KareliaSt. PetersburgThe Winter Palace – St. Petersburg, RussiaRussia: From Principality to Nation-State©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™is a trademark used herein under license.The Ottoman Empire, The Limits of AbsolutismSuleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566)• Attacks against Europe• Advances in the MediterraneanOttomans viewed as a European PowerNew Offensives in the second half of the 17th centuryThe Limits of AbsolutismPower of Rulers not absoluteLocal institutions still had powerPower of the AristocracyLimited Monarchy: The Dutch Republic and EnglandThe Golden Age of the Dutch RepublicThe United ProvincesInternal dissension• The House of Orange and the Stadholders• The States General opposes the House of OrangeWilliam III (1672 – 1702)Trade damaged by warsEngland and the Emergence of Constitutional MonarchyRevolution and Civil WarJames I (1603 – 1625) and the House of StuartDivine Right of KingsParliament and the power of the purseReligious policies• The PuritansCharles I (1625 – 1649)Petition of Right“Personal Rule” (1629 – 1640): Parliament does not meetReligious policy angers PuritansCivil War (1642 – 1648)Oliver CromwellNew Model ArmyCharles I executed (January 30, 1649)Parliament abolishes the monarchyCromwell dissolves Parliament (April 1653)Cromwell divides country into 11 regionsCromwell dies (1658)Restoration & a Glorious RevolutionCharles II (1660 – 1685)Declaration of Indulgence (1672)Test Act (1673) – Only Anglicans could hold military and civil officesJames II (1685 – 1688)Devout CatholicDeclaration of Indulgence (1687)Protestant daughters: Mary and AnneCatholic son born in 1688Parliament invites Mary and her husband, William of Orange, to invade EnglandJames II, wife and son flee to FranceMary and William of Orange offered throne (1689)Bill of RightsThe Toleration Act of 1689Responses to the RevolutionThomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679)Leviathan (1651)People form a commonwealthPeople have no right to rebelJohn Locke (1632 – 1704)Two Treatises of Government Inalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and PropertyPeople and Sovereign form a governmentIf government does not fulfill its duties, people have the right to revoltThe Flourishing of European CultureThe Changing Faces of ArtMannerism and Baroque• Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598 – 1680) Throne of Saint Peter• Artemisia Gentileschi (1593 – 1653) Judith Beheading HolofernesFrench Classicism and Dutch Realism• French classicism emphasized clarity, simplicity, balance