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Berkeley INTEGBI 200A - Notes

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Integrative Biology 200A “PRINCIPLES OF PHYLOGENETICS” Spring 2008 University of California, Berkeley Kipling Will- 28 Feb Names and More Names: Folk taxonomies, “kinds” and “particular kinds” -learned by memorization in preliterate societies -Ancient Greek/Roman hand-copied manuscripts -Printing press and expanded exploration increased the distribution/adoption of classifications and initiated a significant increase in the species diversity recognized. Linnaeus used the tools available to him to basically update the regional taxonomy (northern Europe) - Simplification and standardization was applied to the system in use. The system: - “names” were paragraph long description, diagnosis and identification tool written in Latin. - Common and well known kinds were already frequently referred to by the genus name, e.g., Crocus, Iris, Narcissus. Particular kinds were sometimes referred to using a binomial, e.g., Iris sylvestris. - Linnaeus used the binomial “nicknames” uniformly and still provided the more protracted “name”. The binomial shortcut caught on fast and names proliferated. - more foreign material and better microscopes and lenses. - “renaming” species not previously given binomials - emending names not properly formed - the result was chaos Codes and More Codes: Various rules were proposed, even by Linnaeus, none were applied generally. -The first general use code was the Strickland Code (1842). It was intended for plants and animals. - Split between Zoologist and Botanists and in 1867 Candolle and others developed a separate set of rules. - Dall (1877) combined code. - International Congress of Geology (1881) code for fossils - American Ornithologists Union (1886) code for birds - International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (in ICBN then ICNB, 1947 (dropped) 1980) (Future editions to be called the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes) International code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN): Stems from the Candolle code but was first created in 1905. (Americans kept using N.L.Britton’s code for about 25 years). Current edition published in 2006. The code is here http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm International code of Zoological Nomenclature (“The Code” often as ICZN, but this acronym formally is for the commission not the code, I use it below for brevity.): Draws on the Strickland code but officially dates from 1889 International congress of Zoology, subsequently published in 1905. Currently, fourth edition published in 1999 (effective 2000) is in use. The Code is here http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp And a Wiki for the code of the future http://iczn.ansp.org/ Some shared features of ICBN/ICZN: - Purpose is to ensure a unique scientific name for every taxon. - Provides rules for publication, validation, documentation and typification of names. - Allow assignment and changes in names without interfering with scientific freedom. - Commissions provide an administrative system to oversee and interpret rules, but not based on “Case law” Some differences between ICBN/ICZN: Codes are independent, names are not required to be unique, e.g., Pieris - butterfly; Pieris – heath. It is strongly recommended to avoid this when naming supraspecific taxa. - ICBN, the concept of priority includes a particular binomial combination Cucamis chrysocomus Shumacher, (1827) when moved to a different genus it becomes Rhaphiodiocystis chrysocoma (Shumacher) C. Jeffrey (1962)- ICZN, species authorship is unchanged. Bothynoproctus portai Straneo, 1941 ------ Neotalis portai (Straneo, 1941) - ICBN, regulates Division to subform taxa - ICZN, regulates Superfamily to subspecies. (Species number in most inclusive taxa are similar. Probably has something to do with the human mind) - ICBN, names based on a Recent type specimen have priority over names based on a fossil type - ICZN, first valid publication in all cases - ICBN, no tautonyms - ICZN, tautonyms allowed. Bison (Bison) bison bison is an available name. Types: Designation of a type specimen was made mandatory in 1958 in the ICBN, but not until 2000 in the ICZN (it remained a recommendation for many years). The “type” is the name bearing specimen associated by description and publication given the rules of nomenclature. - Acts as an objective basis for the nomenclature - voucher (or “supervoucher”) of our research - a single datum that provides a fixed reference point for our species-level hypothesis - not necessarily average or typical in the sense of being the common form - can’t represent variation - only makes sense in the post-Linnaeus, non-typological context The kinds of types... -Type series- All specimens on which a description is based (may be only one). -Syntypes- Two or more specimens included in the type series -Primary types, these have nomenclature status: Holotype- Single specimen chosen as the nomenclature type. Lectotype- A single specimen subsequently chosen from the syntypes to act as nomenclature type. Neotype- A single specimen subsequently chosen to act as nomenclature type when all syntypes have been destroyed. Isotype- A duplicate holotype (botany). Hapanatype- An ontogenetic series that acts as nomenclature type (protistans, ICZN) -Secondary types Paratype- non-holotype syntypes. Usually distributed as vouchers. Allotype- paratype selected to represent the opposite sex from the holotype. Other unregulated and not very useful “types” include Homotype, topotype, plesiotype, hypotype, heautotype, onomatype, morphotype, metatype, ideotype. . . . Priority- Availability- Validity: Mostly, these concepts were needed post-Linnaeus to deal with the chaos created by 100 years of unregulated names and to deal with subsequent naming. Priority- first published name is the correct one to use. (except when it is not) Availability- a properly published name is “available” (known as “validly published” in ICBN) - use Latin alphabet to form name as bionomial - published description - type designated Validity- the correct name to use (known as “correct name” in ICBN) Names in conflict: Primary Homonyms. Same name used for two species. Carabus limbatus Fabricius, 1776 [senior homonym] Carabus limbatus Say, 1823 [junior homonym (later homonym in ICBN)] Secondary Homonyms. Classification change causes conflict. Feronia


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Berkeley INTEGBI 200A - Notes

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