BIOL 209 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Defining a microorganism and its role in the ecosystem Outline of Current Lecture II. Classifying and Identifying MicroorganismsIII. Methods to Identify Specific MicroorganismsIV. Informal Classification of Microorganisms V. Microbial Structuresa. The Macromolecules that make up MicrobesVI. Intro to MacromoleculesCurrent LectureII. Classifying and Identifying Microorganismsa. The first classifications were done by what could be seen by the naked eye. b. Classifications were based on body structure. i. This form of classification is limited in its ability to describe organisms and is a poor form of classification. c. Life forms were then separated into domains based on cell typei. Cell types: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya d. The BEST way to represent the diversity of life forms comes from classification based on genetic info. e. rRNA Sequence Comparisoni. Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis and translation of mRNAii. rRNA: component of RNA that provides structure1. It plays a key role in the ability of organisms to express genes. III. Methods to Identify Specific Mircroorganismsa. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): assay based DNA sequences unique to a particular microbeb. ELISA Assay: Antibody detection of structures unique to a particular microbei. Both of these methods require specific reagents and identify specific microorganisms. c. If these methods aren’t available: 1)Try to isolate the bacteria 2)Look at the structure through methods like staining 3)Characterize microbes by shape and structureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.IV. Informal Classification of Microorganisms a. Specific shapes include: Spherical (Cocci), Rod (Bacillus), and Spiralb. Gram Stain: Gram positive or Gram negativec. Metabolic properties: Can it ferment? Ex. Yeastd. Growth requirements: Does it require air for growth?e. Binomial naming structure: based on descriptive taxonomy combination of genus and species. V. Microbial Structuresa. Microbes are made of 4 macromoleculesi. Nucleic Acidii. Proteiniii. Carbohydratesiv. LipidsVI. Introduction to Macromoleculesa. Carbohydrates: i. formed from saccharide monomersii. Polysaccharides provide important structural and energy storage moleculesiii. Stored form of carbs in animals is glycogen (starch in plants)b. Lipids:i. Fatty Acids are the building blocks for Lipidsii. Phospholipids assemble into a membrane barrier with a polar head and a non polar tailiii. Triglyceride: fat molecule that has three strand to its polar tailc. Proteins/Polypeptides:i. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteinsii. Amino acids can be linked together by peptide bondsiii. There are 20 amino acidsiv. Characteristics of individual amino acids determines the final shape and function of the polypeptided. Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA): i. DNA is composed of four different nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymineii. RNA is single stranded and uses Uracil instead of Thymineiii. Nucleic Acids function as information storage and