Lab Activity 22ErythrocyteErythrocyte (RBC)Iron Deficient RBCSickle CellReticulocyteNeutrophil (Granulocyte)NeutrophilNeutrophilic Band CellEosinophil (Granulocyte)EosinophilBasophil (Granulocyte)BasophilMonocyte (Agranulocyte)MonocyteLymphocyte (Agranulocyte)LymphocytePlateletsSlide 19Hemoglobin ConcentrationsGender Differences in HbABO Blood TypesType AType BType ABType OBlood TransfusionsRH blood groupsPowerPoint PresentationCoagulation TimeThe EndLab Activity 22BloodPortland Community CollegeBI 2322Erythrocyte3Erythrocyte (RBC)•Count: 4-6 million per mm3•Function: Transport of O2 and CO24Iron Deficient RBC•More pale and smaller5Sickle Cell6Reticulocyte•Count: 1-2% of RBC•RBC precursor•Increased when RBC turnover is high •Still contains nuclear fragments7Neutrophil (Granulocyte)•Nuclei: 2 to 5 lobes connected by thin strands (polymorphonuclear)•Fine, pale lilac practically invisible granules•Lifespan of about 10 hrs8Neutrophil•Count: 50-70% 3,000-7,000 per mm3•Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria•Functions:•Phagocytic: engulf pathogens or debris in tissues•Release cytotoxic enzymes and chemicals9Neutrophilic Band Cell•Young neutrophils are called band cells because of horseshoe shaped nucleus (band)10Eosinophil (Granulocyte)•Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand•Large, uniform-sized orange-red granules11Eosinophil•Count: 2-4%•100-400 per mm3•Functions: •Phagocytic: engulf antibody-labeled materials•Release cytotoxic enzymes•Reduce inflammation12Basophil (Granulocyte)•Large, dark purple, variable-sized granules•Obscure the nucleus•Irregular, s-shaped, bi-lobed nuclei13Basophil•Count: <1%•20-50 per mm3•Functions: •Enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation14Monocyte (Agranulocyte)•Nucleus is kidney or horse-shoe shaped•Pale cytoplasm15Monocyte•Count: 2-8%•100-700 per mm3•Functions:•Enter tissues to become macrophages•Engulf pathogens or debris16Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte)•Dark, oval to round nucleus•Cytoplasm sky blue in color17Lymphocyte•Count: 20-30%•1,500-3,000 per mm3•Functions:•Mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies, mediates other cellular immune response, •Includes B and T cells18Platelets•Fragments of a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte•Count: 150-500,000 per mm3•Function: mediates blood clotting chemically and mechanically19PlateletsMegakaryocytes Platelet20Hemoglobin Concentrations•Normal hemoglobin concentration in females is 12-16 g/deciliter.•Normal hemoglobin concentration in males is 13-18 g/deciliter.•Hematocrit can be estimated from the hemoglobin concentration:3x hemoglobin=hematocrit.•Normal hematocrit in females is 37-48%. •Normal hematocrit in men is 42-52%.21Gender Differences in Hb•Testosterone stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis (red cell formation) in the red marrow. •Lower values in women of reproductive age may also reflect their red cell losses due to menstruation.22ABO Blood Types•RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined glycoproteins •The glycoprotein determines the blood type•Plasma contains isoantibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found on your blood cells•23Type A•Type A: Display only antigen A•The plasma contains antibodies against Type B24Type B•Type B: Display only antigen B •The plasma contains antibodies against Type A25Type AB•Type AB: Display both antigens A & B•The plasma contains no antibodies26Type O•Type O: Display neither antigen•The plasma contains antibodies against A and B27Blood Transfusions•Only RBC are donated.•Transfusion Reactions: The recipients plasma interacts with the donors RBC•Causes clumping then hemolysis28RH blood groups•People with Rh agglutinogens on RBC surface are Rh+. Normal plasma contains no anti-Rh antibodies•Antibodies develop only in Rh- blood type & only with exposure to the antigen•Transfusion of positive blood•During a pregnancy with a positive blood type fetus•Transfusion reaction upon 2nd exposure to the antigen results in hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood29Not PossibleNot PossiblePossiblePossible30Coagulation Time•Blood Clotting (coagulation) is a protective mechanism that minimizes blood loss when blood vessels are ruptured•Through a series of reactions, fibrin will form a meshwork to trap the RBC, forming a clot.•Normally blood clots within 2-6 minutes31The