MH-6: Toward Total War- 1863The Civil War (1863) - Toward Total War: Strategic OverviewStrategic Overview-2Strategic Overview-3Battle Map Overview- 1863:Austerlitz Chimera*Chancellorsville - Phase IChancellorsville - Phase I Strategy & TacticsChancellorsville - Phase I Tactical Battle PlanChancellorsville - Phase I Tactical DeploymentChancellorsville - Phase I Execution & Tactical ResultsChancellorsville - Phase II Strategy & TacticsChancellorsville - Phase II Battle Execution PlanChancellorsville - Phase II Battle ExecutionChancellorsville - Phase II Battle Execution-2Chancellorsville - Phase II Tactical, Operational, & Strategic ResultsVicksburg CampaignVicksburg Campaign II – Strategy & TacticsVicksburg Campaign IIVicksburg Campaign II- Final DeploymentVicksburg- Final Campaign Engagements & Battle ExecutionVicksburg Campaign II- Siege & CaptureVicksburg Campaign II- resultsGettysburg Campaign- preludeGettysburg Campaign- Strategy & TacticsGettysburg Campaign- Invasion of NorthGettysburg- Execution: 1 July 1863Gettysburg- Execution: 2 July 1863Gettysburg- Execution: 3 July 1863AftermathGettysburg- ResultsChattanooga Campaign- PreludeChattanooga Campaign Deployment OverviewChattanooga Campaign- Battle of Chickamauga“Rock of Chickamauga”Chattanooga Campaign- Force Disposition prior to Grant’s BreakoutBattle of Missionary RidgeSlide 38Battle of Missionary Ridge- resultsAssessmentBack-up SlidesTwo American Societies at WarWar Economy mobilizationWestern TheaterGrant’s Overland Campaign to VicksburgBattle of Stones River (Murfreesboro)Assessment: Stalemate & Contributing FactorsAssessment –Toward Total War1MH-6: Toward Total War- 18632The Civil War (1863) - Toward Total War:Strategic Overview •By 1863: Both sides move toward Total War:–Both field huge Armies of volunteers & conscripts;–Both mobilize their economies & entire populations;•Gradually above $$$ & population seen as legit targets•North: destroys South’s agro, factories, rail, mills;–Anything viewed as potential support for war •NTL – One single Battle cannot end the war–No “Napoleon Austerlitz” is possible–Nothing in Europe approached US Civil War to date•Not even Frederick the Great’s or Napoleon’s Battles3Strategic Overview-2•1863: Both sides passed Europe in Total War scale:–Total resources of North vs. Total resources of South–In long run then – who was most likely to win & why?•Caveat: Total War requires total commitment –For North: political will to stay the course:•Also dependent on perceived progress toward that goal•(It still does!)•At 1863’s start - Rebel victory seemed still possible–South’s battle wins: (Fredericksburg, Holly Springs):–Battle victories encouraged South & depressed North4Strategic Overview-3•But by July 1863 to end of war- –A turning point finally emerged –Decisive victories in 1 major battle & 2 key campaigns:•1. Gettysburg•2. Vicksburg•3. Chattanooga •Tactical victories would have major strategic impact–(for now at start of 1863 – still in the future)–NTL both sides sought to win the decisive battle:–Both pursue the elusive dream of Napoleon’s Austerlitz5Battle Map Overview- 1863:6Austerlitz Chimera* •Term’s meaning & historical background:–*Greek mythology (fire breathing lion headed sheep)•Modern term: *unattainable dream or illusive myth•Napoleon’s tactical battle victory –Battle of Austerlitz-1805 with decisive strategic result–Tactical victory destroys 3rd Coalition (strategic) –Illusive dream of generals throughout Military History •Factors against decisive Civil War battlefield victory:–Weapons Technology that favored defense–Terrain limiting effective employment of cavalry–Leadership make-up shaped amateur tactics & strategy–Main reason: very rare opportunities & huge size of Armies7Chancellorsville - Phase I•Hooker vs. Lee (& Jackson)–Cmdrs’ Strength & weakness:–Hooker: good organizer & planner- restored Union morale•But also ambitious & overconfident - until chaos of battle…–Lee (& Jackson): no change•Force dispositions (Map):–Hooker: 120K–Lee: 60KForce Dispositions8 Chancellorsville - Phase I Strategy & Tactics •Hooker’s Objectives & Tactical Concept:– BG Meig advocates tactical concept:•Conduct bold, rapid turn of Rebel Left Flank:•Tactical aim: crush Lee between 2 halves•Anvil & hammer battle strategy–Hooker embraced Meig’s tactical concept•Believes it has potential strategic impact•Operational & Strategic Objectives: –Destroy Lee’s Army –Force South’s surrender in the East9Chancellorsville - Phase ITactical Battle Plan •Plans & preparation (Battle Map Plan):–Hooker takes ½ of Force & turns Lee’s LF–Sedgwick crosses Rappahannock to fix Lee’s front:•Attack Lee’s center & take Fredericksburg•Hooker then sends Union cavalry to raid Lee’s LOC to Richmond– (That would turn out to be a big mistake)10Chancellorsville - Phase ITactical Deployment•Hooker’s Deployment:–1st stage: Sedgwick crosses Rappahannock –Tactical Aim: fix Lee’s attention at Fredericksburg•Rebel scouts report move to Lee –Hooker moves 25 miles NW to Kelley’s Ford –Stuart reports Hooker’s move over Rapidan•Union cavalry conduct lackluster raid-Lee’s LOC –Hooker remains ignorant of Lee’s movements- why?–Calvary off conducting?__________•Hooker halts advance & forms defensive line in Wilderness11Chancellorsville - Phase IExecution & Tactical Results•Tactical opportunity unfolds:–JEB Stuart reports Union’s RF as: “?__________” –Lee decides to seize opportunity presented•Tactical Results:–Hooker surrenders tactical initiative to Lee–Lee plans with Jackson to exploit it12 Chancellorsville - Phase IIStrategy & Tactics•Lee’s Strategic, Operational, & Tactical Objectives:–Tactical: Hit Hooker’s RF & roll up Union line;–Operational: Destroy Army of the Potomac;–Strategic: Open Washington to potential future attack;–Political: Push Union toward negotiated settlement;•Just the reverse of Hooker’s Objectives13Chancellorsville - Phase IIBattle Execution Plan•Plans & preparation:–Jackson (w/28K) marches across Union front undetected–Lee (w/14K) demonstrates to fix Union center:•Convince Hooker of Lee’s intent: frontal assault•Reinforce Hooker’s desire to surprise Lee–Early (w/10K) to hold heights of