Chapter 8 The Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonSlide 3Pectoral GirdleSlide 5ScapulaScapula landmarksSlide 8Clavicle landmarksThe clavicleThe Upper Limb“Arm or Brachium”Humerus landmarksForearm “antebrachium”Radius landmarksSlide 16Ulna landmarksSlide 18Slide 19The HandCarpal bonesSlide 22Metacarpals and PhalangesSlide 24The Pelvic GirdleSlide 26“Os Coxae” Hip bonesSlide 28Os coxae landmarksMale vs Female Os coxaeMale FemaleTrue vs. False pelvisLower limbSlide 34Femur “Thigh” landmarksPatella “knee cap” landmarksLower legSlide 38Tibia landmarksDistal End of TibiaSlide 41Fibula landmarksSlide 43The footSlide 45Tarsal bonesMetatarsals and PhalangesTarsal bones (Ankle)Chapter 8 The Appendicular SkeletonCourse objectives:•List the bones of the appendicular skeleton•Describe and identify the bones of the pectoral girdle•Describe and identify the bones of the pelvic girdleAppendicular Skeleton•Includes the bones of the upper limb and their attachments to the axial skeleton at the pectoral girdle.•Includes the bones of the lower limb and their attachments to the axial skeleton at the pelvic girdle.Pectoral Girdle •scapula – “shoulder blade”-(triangular flat bone) articulates with humerus of arm at the glenoid fossa•clavicle – “ collar bone" -flat bone articulates with the acromion process of scapula and the manubrium of the sternum, thus forming the only bony link with the axial skeleton and pectoral appendicular skeletonScapula•Thin triangular flat bone that forms the bulk of the shoulder•Articulates with the humerus of the arm at the glenoid fossa•Articulates with the clavicle at the acromion processScapula landmarks•Supraspinous and infraspinous fossae•Subscapular fossa•Acromion•Coracoid process•Glenoid cavity•Lateral and medial borderClavicle landmarks•Acromial end•Sternal end•Conoid tubercle•Costoclavicular tuberosityThe clavicleThe Upper Limb•Consists of 30 bones•Grouped into bones of the arm, forearm and hand•Arm = Humerus•Forearm = Radius and Ulna•Hand = Carpals (8), metacarpals (5) and phalanges (5)“Arm or Brachium”Humerus landmarks•Head and body of humerus•Greater and Lesser tubercles•Anatomical neck and Surgical neck•Medial and lateral supracondylar ridges•Medial and lateral epicondyle•Olecranon and radial fossa•Coronoid process•Deltoid tuberosity•Capitulum•TrochleaForearm “antebrachium”•Consists of the Radius (lateral) and Ulna (medial).•Both are connected along their length by a ligament (interosseous membrane)Radius landmarks•Head, neck and shaft•Radial tuberosity•Ulnar notch•Styloid process•Nutrient foramenUlna landmarks•Olecranon process•Coronoid process•Trochlear notch•Radial notch•Head of the ulna•Styloid process of ulnaThe Hand•Consists of:•Carpals (8) “wrist”•Metacarpals (5) “palm”•Phalanges (5) “fingers”Carpal bones Eight bones makeup the wristCarpal bonesMetacarpals and Phalanges•These bones are not named individually but are numbered 1-5.•The thumb “pollex” is number 1.•They are all long bones•The base of the metacarpals articulate with the carpal bones at their base and the phalanges at their head.•The phalanges consist of a proximal, middle and distal phalanx in all but the thumb .Metacarpals and PhalangesThe Pelvic Girdle•The “hips” form a much more solid and stable connection for the lower limbs to the axial skeleton than the pectoral girdle is to the upper limbs. • The pelvic girdle is formed by the coxal bones (a.k.a. hip bones, os coxae) which fuse posteriorly with the sacrum. •The coxal bones are formed by the fusion of three separate bones ( ilium, ischium and pubis) during growth.“Os Coxae” Hip bones•Formed by the fusion of three bones-1. ilium, 2. ischium, and 3. pubis•Attaches to the lower limb and spine at sacroiliac joint•Supports the pelvic organs or viscera•Attached to the axial skeleton by strong ligamentsOs coxae landmarks•Iliac crest•Anterior superior and ant. inferior iliac spine•Posterior superior and post. inferior iliac spine•Greater and lesser sciatic notch•Iliac fossa•Ischial spine and tuberosity; ramus of ischium•Obturator foramen•Superior and inferior ramus of pubis•Pubic symphysis and pubic arch•AcetabulumMale vs Female Os coxae•Significant differences exist between the male and female pelvis.–♀ pelvic outlet is enlarged due to in part greater separation of ischial spines–♀ less curvature of sacrum and coccyx which in males ♂ arcs into pelvic outlet–♀ wider more circular pelvic inlet–♀ relatively broad, low pelvis–A broader pubic angle in ♀ between pubic bones > 100°Male FemaleTrue vs. False pelvis•False pelvis = area within entire pelvic girdle•True pelvis = area below pelvic brimLower limbConsists of:•Femur “Thigh” = hip to the knee•Tibia and fibula “Leg” = knee to foot•FootFemur “Thigh” landmarks•Longest, strongest, largest bone in body•Head•Neck•Greater and lesser trochanter•Medial and lateral condyle•Medial and lateral epicondyle•Linea asperaPatella “knee cap” landmarks•Base•Apex•Articular surfacesLower leg•technically the distance between the knee and ankle •Bones of the leg: tibia (shin bone) and fibula (lateral leg bone) •Consists of the: Tibia (shin bone)Fibula•Interosseuos membrane connects tibia and fibula along their lengthTibia landmarks•Medial and lateral condyle•Tibial tuberosity•Medial malleolus (medial bulge of ankle)•Anterior border (crest) is the shinDistal End of TibiaFibula landmarks•Fibula is lateral bone of the leg•Head•Lateral malleolus (lateral bulge of ankle)The foot•Includes the bones of the;-Tarsus-MetatarsusPhalanges•Functions-support of the body-lever for walking or runningTarsal bones•Talus•CalcaneousMetatarsals and Phalanges•Are all long bones•Metatarsals numbered 1-5•Phalanges consist of proximal, middle and distal bones in all but big toe•Big toe or great toe is HalluxTarsal bones