95SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOKbuilding systemsBUILDING SYSTEMS9697SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOKbuilding systemsFlexibilityMaterialsEnergyNon-sustainablesystems . . . . . .only serve one momentin time.. . . deplete resources andcompromise indoorenvironment.. . .rely on currentenergy costs andavailability.Sustainable systems . . .. . . allow community to adapt and persevere. . . . limit impact on natural resources and allowshealthier living.. . . reduce reliance on specific fuels that pollute the air. reduce the amountof energy used and the cost of operationDefining Sustainability forBuilding SystemsMaterialsEnvironmental systemBuilding systemHuman comfortand prosperityFlexibilityEnergyAll buildings extract materials and energy from an environmental system.Buildings provide humans with comfort from the physical elements and prosperity.9697SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOKbuilding systemsServicesConcept Matrix-Ventilation options-Private Green spaces-Prefabricated elements-Recycled/Recyclable materials-Insulation/ air barrier-Solar protection-Access to daylight-Fuel source options-Water source options-Reduced Hazardous materials-Reduce Water consumption-Load shifting-Options for local sources-Shared structures-Convertible structures-Orientation-Shared surfaces-Concrete Alternatives-Waste reductionBuilding Type/StructureEnvelopeFlexibilityMaterialsEnergyThis matrix organizes the components of a building system relative to the importance of considering flexibility, materials and energy.Building sizeOrientationStructural engineeringWeather enclosureWindow systemsRoof and fa adesystemsHeating and coolingDrinking waterVertical circulationDomestic electricity9899SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOKbuilding systemsExpansion and ConversionPlanning for ability to expand, saves available land for the future. Planning for expansion within provides development options in the future. Shared structures saves material and green space.Housing over parking spaces housing over commercial. Conversions of residential to commercial, Commercial to light industrial, light industrial to parking, etc. Integration of living and working saves transportation energy when workers can telecommute or conduct light manufacturing near their home.Planning for Structural Grid CompatibilityFlexible Housing layoutsSource: Eric Friberger, Sweden 1935Flexible Housing layoutsSource: Werner Kohn, Germany 1976Building Type / Structure: FlexibilityParking movedunder housing Parking Commericial Residential9899SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOKbuilding systemsBuilding Type / Structure : EnergyGood orientation is east westFor thermal reasons . . .Solar energy in winterSolar energy in SummerGood shapesBad shapesSolar ExposureBalance solar thermal concerns with maximum daylight penetration orienting building with solar criteria for 10% energy savings from cooling and heating. Integrate overhangs on southern side of building if possible for 1-5% cooling savings Integrate vertical Shading into building on E and W facades.Ideal orientation achieves a balance. Plan shift approach ensures good thermal exposures with day lighting. Good modulation of massing can achieve the same if plan is aligned.The daylight from 1 skylight is easily worth 100 meters of photovoltaics in electrical terms Solar thermal absorbers are a cost effective way to harness solar energyA global Overview of renewable resourceswww.agores.orgA good thermal approachFor buildings . . . but is not so good for daylightingthe green spacesA good approach for Green spaces but bad forBuilding units100101SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOKbuilding systemsPrefabricated Stackable UnitsA modular manufacturer, developed an 18 wide factory built home that enabled each row house to be constructed with two modules instead of four. Fewer modules sped up factory construction time as well as on-site fieldwork, and allowed for more spacious interiors. Each assembled row house contains 1,338 square feet. Each module used rigid structural steel framing instead of wood because of its lightweight, price, and quality control. Construction waste and disposal costs were very low compared with on-site construction because of controlled factory construction. Also, the factory controlled construction allowed for greater scheduling control, meaning the product was delivered on time, as needed, with greater quality assurance than site built construction, and without any weather or product delays. Finally, the modular construction in this development allowed for reduced labor costs.West Of Pennsylvania Project - Brooklyn, New YorkSource: http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/imquaf/afho/afadv/cote/usprho/index.cfmGrowing housing conceptSource: Peter Rice, Renzo Piano 1980Variations on a spatial moduleSource: Brandlhuber & Kniess, Architects Cologne,GermanyBuilding Type / Structure : Flexibility100101SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOKbuilding systemsPrefabricated Concrete WallLarge wall segments up to 25ft (7m) can be pre-assembled in the factory. These panels may include window frames and part of the reinforcement. Custom sections can be tailor made, elements are taken from the store and glued to specification. No time for curing is needed.A full truckload can be shipped. The panels are relatively light and can be set in place by light cranes, as concrete is poured on site. Other than with prefab concrete panels, slight adjustments in size can be made on site. Broken panels can be repaired instantly.Individual component, Prefab Concrete WallSource: http://rastra.net/rastracom/web-site/prefabri.htmBuilding Type / Structure : Materials102103SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOKbuilding systemsPrefabricated Concrete BalconyThe site is prepared. A crane is moved into position. Brackets have already been fixed earlier to the apartment block. These will be used to attach the prefabricated balcony to the building.The crane lifts the prefabricated component to the top of the balcony stack The component is carefully maneuvered into position. After the component is placed in position, the joints are sealed and the component attached to the existing structure. Individual component, Prefab Concrete BalconySource: http://web.singnet.com.sg/~scinst/jan96.htmlBuilding Type / Structure : Materials102103SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOKbuilding systemsConcreteFly Ash, a by-product of coal burning power plants can be