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USC BISC 307L - Exam 1 Study Guide
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I. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVESExtra information that is useful: Blackboard resources he posted1. What are the five features of physiological control systems?1. Tonically Active2. There is a “set point” that can be altered (i.e. body temperature)3. They are redundant and antagonistically arranged4. They anticipate change5. Positive feedback brings about positive change2. What are the basic principles of EVOLUTION?A. Evolution is decent with modificationB. Outcome is an organism matched to its environmentC. This matching optimizes reproductive successcalled FITNESS. Results within a population optimize average fitnessD. Results do not optimize life span or general healthE. Natural selection is driving force3. What were Darwins 5 observations?1. Species produce more offspring than the environment can support2. There is always variation within a population with the ability to compare for resources, survive, and reproduce3. Some variation is inherited due to mutations, recombinations, and epigenetic modifications4. Natural selection happens because of these differences5. Selection leads to evolution in population4. Define FITNESSthe probability that ones genes will be passed on to the next generation. Selection can only maximize reproductive fitness. Does not require long life5. What is the difference between the proximate and ultimate reasons for why we get sick?Proximate reasons: pathophysiology, looking at the specific mechanisms of how we get sickUltimate reasons: Why has evolution left us so vulnerable to disease? (Evolutionary medicine)6. What are the 4 ultimate reasons for why our bodies are vulnerable to disease?1. Selection is about fitness not health and well being2. Constraints and tradeoffs inevitable and we must work with what we had before (bislagiatt)3. Human evolution is too slow to cope with challenges of changing environmentwe are not evolving in isolation but in concert with our pathogens and predators4. Our evolved defenses may be harmful or seem harmfuli.e. allergic reactions, autoimmune disease, fever7. What are 5 examples of human design flaws and why do we still have them?1. Humans are bipedal and have large brains but small pelvisCompromise: big brains mean babies head is big but cannot be fully developed because babies are altricial. Narrow pelvis allows us to stand upright but is just wide enough for underdeveloped baby brain2. The appendix isn’t necessaryWas probably used to help digest cavemen food at one time3. We cannot synthesize vitamin Cdue to our ancestors eating a lot of fruit4. Our retina is inside out and light must pass through upside down to get to the light sensitive cellsnerves and blood vessels supply from the outside5. We have a crossing of esophagus and trachea leading to chokingprobably evolved from lungfish8. Explain 2 examples of evolutionary mismatch1. Lactose intolerance- babies can digest milk but 70% of adults cant. Probably due to lack of cattle causing a mutation and then reintroduction of cattle causing second mutation so that some adults can digest milk but others cannot.2. Food availability and metabolism- used to have ot survive food scarcity so we needed mechanisms that stored food but now these mechanisms aren’t needed and storage of excess food becomes obesity.9. True or False: Pathogens evolve slower than humansfalse. Humans evolve slower. This can be seen in drug resistance of pathogens10. What concept explains immune system developmental plasticity?“hygiene hypothesis”- in order for the immune system to develop its regulatory mechanisms it needs to undergo certain exposures during development. Without being challenged by normal pathogens the immune system doesn’t develop its full regulatory path (look at parasitic worms example with IgE)II. MEMBRANE DYNAMICSFigures that are important: GLUT transporter, Slide 5 and 6. Slide 8 of cell communication lecture helpful1. What are the 6 ways to transport substances across membranes?1. Direct2. Facilitated Diffusion- passive3. Osmosis- passive4. Ion Channel5. Active transport6. Exocytosis and endocytosis (bulk transport)2. What factors affect diffusion?1. Concentration2. Distance3. Temperature4. Cross-sectional area5. Molecular size6. Lipid solubility3. Explain facilitated diffusion and give an examplediffusion that is simply due to the bidirectional transport of particles passively due to concentration difference. “Like pac man”ex: GLUT transporter4. Explain primary active transport and the four formsThese are also called pumps or ATPases and they move particles against their electrical or chemical gradients. Two antiports and 2 uniports.1. Antiport 1: Na+/K+ ATPase3Na+ out for 2K+ in which makes it electrogenic (makes resting potential more negative)2. Antiport 2: H+/K+ ATPase3. Uniport 1: Ca2+ ATPase4. Uniport 2: H+ ATPase5. Explain secondary active transport and list all 8 types.Energy given up as ion moves down its electrochemical gradient is coupled to and powers the movement of another substance against its electrochemical gradient. “Secondary” because the ATP comes from other ions and is used to transport ions out or in. 4 Antiports and 4 SymportsAntiports (opposite directions)1. 3Na+/Ca2+ electrogenic (Na+ in)2. Na+/H+ (Na+ in)3. H+/K+ (H+ in)4. Cl-/HCO3- (Cl- in)Symports (same direction)1. Na+/Cl- (in)2. Na+/K+,2Cl- (in)3. K+/Cl- (out-driven by K+ gradient)4. Na+/Sugars,AAs,NTS (in)6. What is the difference between the apical side and basolateral side of epithelium?Apical= lumen side and Basolateral = blood side7. Explain Glucose reabsorption in the kidney or intestineDiscussing a cell lining the kidney or small intestine: the cell needs to take up glucose and transport it to blood (basolateral) side when there is low blood glucose concentration- This is called reabsorption. This is driven by the Na+/K+ pump where:1. K+ comes in from the blood to the cell and moves through K+ channels on apical membrane2. This creates an electrochemical gradient for sodium to move in through the Na+ glucose symporter in the apical membrane since Na+ concentration is low inside the cell and this drives in glucose with it against glucose’s concentration gradient3. Glucose moves down concentration gradient through GLUT transporter in basolateral membrane to blood4. Na+ goes passively through Na+/K+ ATPase into blood and diffuses*this mechanism is also important for K+ secretion*look at slide 6 for picture8. Explain H2O and NaCl transport in the lung (or


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