Slide 1The Role of Oceans in Controlling ClimateThe Role of Oceans in the Hydrological CycleThe Role of Oceans in Global Climate VariabilitySlide 51. Basic Ocean StructuresSlide 7Basic Ocean StructuresSlide 9Annual Mean Ocean Surface TemperatureAnnual Zonal Mean Ocean Surface TemperatureSlide 12Annual Mean Ocean Surface SalinityAnnual Zonal Mean Ocean SalinitySlide 15Slide 16Relative proportions of dissolved salts in seawaterSlide 18Slide 19Ocean Meridional Overturning (Global)Ocean Meridional Overturning in AtlanticSlide 22Vertical Structure of the OceansSlide 24Slide 25Slide 262.Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 493.Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Zones of upwellingSlide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Chapter 7: The Ocean General Circulation Chapter 7: The Ocean General Circulation and Climate and Climate This chapter discusses:This chapter discusses:1.1.Basic structures and dynamicsBasic structures and dynamicsi.i.Ekman transportEkman transportii.ii.Geostrophic currentsGeostrophic currents2.2.Surface ocean circulationSurface ocean circulationi.i.Subtropical gyreSubtropical gyreii.ii.Boundary currentsBoundary currents3.3.Deep ocean circulationDeep ocean circulationi.i.Thermohaline conveyor beltThermohaline conveyor belt((Materials are drawn heavily from D. Hartmann’s textbook and online materials Materials are drawn heavily from D. Hartmann’s textbook and online materials by J.-Y. Yu of UCI.)by J.-Y. Yu of UCI.)The Role of Oceans in Controlling ClimateThe Role of Oceans in the Hydrological Cycle97% of the Earth’s free water86% of the global evaporation78% of global precipitationThe Role of Oceans in Global Climate Variability1. Basic Ocean Structures1. Area: covers 70% of the Earth’s surface2. Volume: 97% of all the water on the Earth3. Depth: 4 kilometers4. Density: 1034-1035 kg/m3 (Pure water: 1000 kg/m3) over 90% of the ocean. Depends on temperature and salinity. cold water high densityloss of water by evaporation increase salinity high densityprecipitation and river discharge decrease salinity low density5. Heat capacity: high6. Temperature: less variable than in the atmosphere7. Freezing point: –1.9°C, not at 0°C because of salinity8. Surface is not level due to currents, waves, atmospheric pressure differences, and variations in gravity.9. Two main forms of circulation: wind-driven circulation (horizontal, surface waters, fast)thermohaline circulation (vertical, deep waters, slow)Basic Ocean StructuresCompare the state of the atmosphere: pressure, temperature, humidityAnnual Mean Ocean Surface TemperatureAnnual Zonal Mean Ocean Surface TemperatureAnnual Mean Ocean Surface SalinityAnnual Zonal Mean Ocean SalinityRelative proportions of dissolved salts in seawaterSee also Figure 7.2 in GPCOcean Meridional Overturning (Global)Ocean Meridional Overturning in AtlanticVertical Structure of the OceansVigorous mixing processes lead to uniform conditions within the surface mixed layer.2.3.Zones of
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