11Police ProcessPolice ProcessDaeDae--HoonHoonKwakKwakMichigan State UniversityMichigan State UniversityCJ 335CJ 335Summer 2006Summer 20065/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006Lecture 2Lecture 2American Police History22Outline for the lectureOutline for the lecture5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••The creation and history of American policeThe creation and history of American policeThree EraThree Era’’s/Models in Police History:s/Models in Police History:1) Political Era (1600 1) Political Era (1600 ––1900)1900)2) Professional/Traditional Era (late 1900 2) Professional/Traditional Era (late 1900 ––late 1970)late 1970)3) CP (or COP)/POP (1980 3) CP (or COP)/POP (1980 ––present)present)••Comprehend the important changes that have occurred in Comprehend the important changes that have occurred in policingpolicing••Explain both the failures and successes of reforms in policingExplain both the failures and successes of reforms in policing33The Relevance of HistoryThe Relevance of History5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••Knowledge of the development of policing contributes to our Knowledge of the development of policing contributes to our understanding of contemporary practices and problems. understanding of contemporary practices and problems. ••Police organization, reforms, and policePolice organization, reforms, and police--community relations community relations (PCR) today are deeply rooted in the past(PCR) today are deeply rooted in the past. . ••The study of police history can:The study of police history can:--Dramatize the fact of changeDramatize the fact of change--Put current problems into perspectivePut current problems into perspective--Help us understand what reforms have workedHelp us understand what reforms have worked--Alerts us to the unintended consequence of reformAlerts us to the unintended consequence of reform44The English HeritageThe English Heritage5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••A Product of English HeritageA Product of English Heritage--The English colonists brought a CJ system as part of their The English colonists brought a CJ system as part of their cultural baggage.cultural baggage.••Three Enduring FeaturesThree Enduring Features--Limited police authority (e.g., the Bill of Rights)Limited police authority (e.g., the Bill of Rights)--Local control of law enforcement agenciesLocal control of law enforcement agencies--Highly decentralized and fragmented system of Law Highly decentralized and fragmented system of Law EnforcementEnforcement55The English Heritage (cont.)The English Heritage (cont.)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••Creation of the Modern PoliceCreation of the Modern Police--Sir Robert Peel, Sir Robert Peel, ““the FATHER of modern policingthe FATHER of modern policing””--Established London Metropolitan Police (1829)Established London Metropolitan Police (1829)--Reflected Reflected vision of efficient proactive police forcevision of efficient proactive police force--Key elementsKey elementsa. a. Mission: crime prevention (deterrence)Mission: crime prevention (deterrence)b. b. Strategy: preventive patrolStrategy: preventive patrol(of fixed beats)(of fixed beats)c. c. Org. Structure: quasiOrg. Structure: quasi--militarymilitary66The English Heritage (cont.)The English Heritage (cont.)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••Creation of the Modern PoliceCreation of the Modern Police(cont.)(cont.)--The essential features of the Modern Police (The essential features of the Modern Police (BayleyBayley))a. Public: responsible for public safetya. Public: responsible for public safetyb. Specialized: b. Specialized: mission of law enforcement and crime mission of law enforcement and crime preventionpreventionc. Professional: fullc. Professional: full--time, paid employeestime, paid employees• Two primary features of the English Heritage provided to American Policing:a. Local control – not federal or State (vs. S. Korea)b. Decentralized/Fragmented System – 18,000 PDs77Example: MSU Police Dept.Example: MSU Police Dept.5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••Vision and Mission StatementVision and Mission Statement--Vision Slogan: Vision Slogan: ““Committed to courtesy and excellenceCommitted to courtesy and excellence””--Mission Statement: Mission Statement: “The department will provide for a safe, welcome, and orderly campus environment for MSU students, faculty, staff, and visitors; and will provide an ethical, people-oriented work environment where our members may enjoy their jobs, utilize their talents, respect one another and grow as individuals.”- Focus: CP, Courtesy & Excellence, Quality Leadership, Caring Customer Service, and A People Oriented Work Place.88Example: MSU Police Dept. (cont.)Example: MSU Police Dept. (cont.)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••Vision and Mission Statement (cont.)Vision and Mission Statement (cont.)--MSU Police 5 Big ProblemsMSU Police 5 Big Problemsa. Policea. Police--minority trustminority trustb. Technologyb. Technologyc. Parking servicesc. Parking servicesd. Improving policed. Improving police--student relationsstudent relationse. Internal employee issuese. Internal employee issues99Law Enforcement in Colonial AmericaLaw Enforcement in Colonial America5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Law Enforcement Institutions-Sheriff(the chief local government official) appointed by colonial governor.a. Law enforcementb. Collect taxesc. Conduct electionsd. Maintain bridges and roads-Constable(originally elected, later appointed)a. Some responsibility for enforcing law and maintaining order1010Law Enforcement in Colonial America (cont.)Law Enforcement in Colonial America (cont.)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Law Enforcement Institutions (cont.)-Watch : similar to the modern-day policea. Patrolled to guard against Fire, Crime, Disorderb. Originally, only night watch (later, day watch)c. All males were expected to serve-Slave Patrol : A distinctly American form of LEa. Guard against slave revolts and capture runaway slaves.b. The first modern police forces in U.S.1111Characteristics of Colonial Law EnforcementCharacteristics of Colonial Law Enforcement5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006•Inefficient, corrupt, and subject to political interference(no service function)• Crime Control- Little capacity to prevent crime or apprehend offenders- Reactive: did not engage in preventative patrol- Lack of personnel to investigate crime- No convenient way to report crime- Lack of communication among watch