LearningBehaviorismJohn WatsonDefinitionsClassical conditioningSlide 6Classical ConditioningSlide 8Slide 9Classical Conditioning: Eye-Blink ExperimentSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Another exampleLast Class in ReviewSlide 17Classical Conditioning ReviewPrinciples of classical conditioningExtinctionSlide 21Slide 22Spontaneous RecoveryHigher-order conditioningSlide 25Stimulus generalizationStimulus discriminationWhat is learned in classical conditioning?Learning to likeClassical Conditioning and EmotionsSlide 31Slide 32Classical Conditioning in AdvertisementsLearning to fearUnlearning fearRod’s StoryTaste AversionsClassical conditioning and medical treatmentsApplying Classical ConditioningSlide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Operant ConditioningOperant conditioning (aka Instrumental Learning)Slide 47Operant Conditioning: Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)Operant Conditioning: B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)Consequences of behaviorReinforcementTypes of reinforcementSlide 53PunishmentTypes of punishmentSlide 56Rewards and PunishmentsSlide 58Your turnThe Skinner boxSlide 61Principles of operant conditioningSlide 63Slide 64Schedules of reinforcementSlide 66Continuous vs. Partial reinforcement and ExtinctionIntermittent Reinforcement SchedulesShapingBehavior modification (aka applied behavioral analysis)Behavior modification for Autism (adapted from Lovas, 1981)What conditions are needed for punishment to work?Why do punishments often fail?When are rewards bad?Slide 75Learning ObjectivesOperant Conditioning ReviewSlide 78Moving on from BehaviorismLatent learningSocial learning theoryObservational LearningBandura’s Bobo doll studyLearningchapter 9 Learning Objectives:1. What are the two types of stimuli and responses that form the basis of classical conditioning?Behaviorism•Part of the LEARNING PERSPECTIVE•Focus on observable behaviors, rather than what goes on in the mind•The environment determines our behaviors•Conditioning = the association between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses•Learning = conditioning •Classical conditioning•Operant conditioning •John Watson•Founded behaviorism•Psychology should only consider observable behaviors, so humans can be studied objectivelyJohn WatsonFamous Quote:“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”chapter 9Definitions• What is Learning?•A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience• What is Conditioning?•The association between environmental stimuli and the organism’s responseschapter 9Classical conditioningThe process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar response chapter 9Classical conditioningchapter 9Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov • studies on dog salivation• observed that dogs salivated BEFORE food was placed in its mouth• conditional “reflex” Translated into conditionedClassical ConditioningUnconditioned stimulus (US)Elicits a response in the absence of learningUnconditioned response (UR)The reflexive response to a stimulus in the absence of learningchapter 9S-R Pair that is instinctive/innateClassical ConditioningLearning occurs when a neutral stimulus is then regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.chapter 9Classical ConditioningConditioned stimulus (CS)An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulusConditioned response (CR)A response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus– Occurs after the CS has been associated with the US– Similar to the US– A learned responsechapter 9S-R Pair is learnedClassical Conditioning:Eye-Blink Experimentchapter 9whistlePuff of air from strawEye-blinkWhat are the unconditioned stimulus (US) and unconditioned response (UR) ?Classical Conditioning:Eye-Blink Experimentchapter 9Puff of air from straw Eye-blinkUSUSURURClassical Conditioning:Eye-Blink Experimentchapter 9whistlePuff of air from strawEye-blinkWhat are the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?Classical Conditioning:Eye-Blink Experimentchapter 9whistlePuff of air from strawEye-blinkNeutral Stimulus USUR+Classical Conditioning:Eye-Blink Experimentchapter 9whistleEye-blinkCSCSCRCRAnother exampleWhen Alan feeds his fish, he first turns on the aquarium light and then puts in the fish food. After a while he notices that they swim to the top as soon as he turns on the aquarium light. What is the conditioned stimulus1. Fish food2. The aquarium light3. The aquarium4. Alanchapter 9Last Class in Review•Behaviorism (learning perspective)•Observable behaviors•Learning = Conditioning–Environment determines behaviors•John Watson •Learning –Relatively permanent change in behavior•Classical Conditioning–Unconditioned Stimulus – elicits reflexive behavior–Unconditioned Response – reflexive behavior –Conditioned Stimulus – elicits learned behavior–Conditioned Response – learned behaviorLearningchapter 9 Learning Objectives:1. How does the process of extinction work in classical conditioning? What is spontaneous recovery?2. What do stimulus generalization and discrimination refer to in classical conditioning?3. How can classical conditioning help us to learn emotional responses to objects, people, and places?4. How do the principles of classical conditioning contribute to food aversions and reactions to medical treatments?Classical ConditioningReview•Geraldine has an automobile accident at the corner of 32nd street and Cherry Ave. Whenever she approaches the intersection now, she begins to feel uncomfortable; her heart begins to beat faster, she gets butterflies in her stomach, and her palms become sweaty.–US:–UR:–CS:–CR:•Calvin was chased and assaulted by an aggressive rooster when he was barely three years old. As an adult he still gets little blips in his stomach when he hears the word rooster and he claims that birds make him nervous.–US:–UR:–CS:–CR:Principles of classical conditioningExtinctionSpontaneous recoveryHigher-order conditioningStimulus generalizationStimulus discriminationchapter