The Library Cataloging Tradition Dewey Ranganathan Avram and others From the beginning The traditional catalog and its boundaries How catalogs have evolved Forming the mind of a cataloger library standards Library metadata MARC The Boundaries of the Traditional Catalog Books Serials Journals at the title level Article level access left to commercial services Archival collections at the collection level Sub collections and individual items described in finding aids Funny Formats not always integrated or traditionally cataloged Evolution of The Catalog Book catalogs Card catalogs Union catalogs Union lists Online catalogs Bibliographic utilities The Card Catalog lives on LC card distribution begins in 1890s MARC developed by Henriette Avram at LC in the 1960s OCLC first bibliographic utility using MARC in the early 1970s AACR2 takes effect in 1981 pushes libraries into the online catalog era and on MARC Format Integration prepares MARC for rational extension Second third generation library management systems bring on web based catalogs in 1990s AACR2 and MARC extended to remote resources in mid 1990s Metadata other than MARC begins to filter into libraries From Cutter and his Objects To enable a person to find a book of which either the author the title the subject is known To show what the library has by a given author on a given subject in a given kind of literature To assist in the choice of a book as to its edition bibliographically as to its character literary or topical To the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Description FRBR identify select Access FRBR find Subject access headings classification Other access points Holdings FRBR obtain Description Cutter s Rules 1875 Anglo American Cataloguing Rules 1967 Anglo American Cataloguing Rules 2nd ed 1978 Includes International Standard Bibliographic Description ISBD M Anglo American Cataloguing Rules 2nd ed 1988 revision 1988 Description Access AACR2 divided into two major parts Description Organized by format with specific rules for describing each type of materials Headings Uniform Titles and References Choice of access points Headings for persons geographic names corporate bodies etc References to guide readers to the correct heading Subject Analysis the third leg Can be either term based generally alphabetically arranged or classification arranged by topic These two approaches can be combined US research libraries generally use the Library of Congress Subject Headings LCSH and Classification LCC Ranganathan and Colon Classification S R Ranganathan developed classification scheme in the 1930 s Colon Classification System based on the notion of facets 42 main classes subdivides each main class by particular characteristics into facets which are then combined to make subordinate classes as needed Art Architecture Thesaurus and PRECIS based on this model so is Yahoo to some extent Dewey Classification Dewey Decimal Classification System DDC first published in 1876 by Melvil Dewey Most widely used classification system in the world used in 135 countries In this country used primarily by public and school libraries Maintained by the Library of Congress Dewey continued DDC is divided into ten main classes then ten divisions each division into ten sections The first digit in each three digit number represents the main class 500 natural sciences and mathematics The second digit in each three digit number indicates the division 500 is used for general works on the sciences 510 for mathematics 520 for astronomy 530 for physics More Dewey The third digit in each three digit number indicates the section 530 is used for general works on physics 531 for classical mechanics 532 for fluid mechanics 533 for gas mechanics A decimal point follows the third digit in a class number after which division by ten continues to the specific degree of classification needed Library of Congress Subjects Essentially an artificial indexing language Based on literary warrant Entry vocabulary provided in the form of reference structure Moving slowly towards a real thesaurus structure not there yet Not faceted subdivisions pre selected based on individual heading or pattern heading LCSH Example Digital libraries see from Electronic libraries see from Virtual libraries see broader term Libraries see also Information storage and retrieval systems Library of Congress Classification 21 basic classes based on single alphabetic character K law N art etc Subdivided into two or three alpha characters KF American Law ND painting etc Further subdivision by specific numeric assignment Author numbers and dates arrange works by a particular author together and in chronological order LCC example in MARC classification format 153 aQL638 E55 hZoology hChordates Vertebrates hFishes hSystematic divisions hOsteichthys Bony fishes By family A Z hFamilies jEngraulidae Anchovies a Classification number single number or beginning number of span R h Caption hierarchy j Caption lowest level relating to the specific number in a MARC Formats Bibliographic Books Serials Maps Visual materials Sound recordings Computer files Archives and manuscripts MARC Formats Other Authorities Holdings Classification Community Information Control fields 00X Number code fields 0XX Access point 1XX main entry Title publisher etc 2XX Physical description 3XX Series 4XX Notes 5XX Subject headings 6XX Local fields 9XX From Holdings Record Authorized heading Cross references Source where data found Authorized heading Place Publisher Treatment codes Source where data found LC Classification Authorized heading topic See also ref See also from broader See also from related Information in other headings Heading name Heading series Heading subject Classification subject Bibliographic Record Bibliographic Record paper version digital version Holdings paper Holdings paper Holdings digital Traditional library digital libraries MARC and AACR2 categorizations by physical format break down for digital resources MARC Format Integration early 1980s an attempt to resolve some content v carrier problems Efforts to integrate digital materials ongoing David Levy asks What will be cataloged What will catalogs look like Who will build and maintain them How will these new catalogs relate to old standards Another question What can be re purposed from the old order