HIS 104.01 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 15- 20Lecture 15 (October 9)What are the three continents that contributed to the slave trade?Africa, Europe, and AmericaWhat regions in Africa were slaves taken from?West Africa (Senegal-Nigeria), West Central Africa (Congo-Angola)What was the triangular system of trade?Slaves from Africa to the Americas  gold, cotton, sugar, and tobacco to Europe  alcohol, gunpowder, cloth and iron to AfricaWhat were barracoons?Factories for keeping slavesWhat were the aspects of how trade was conducted?Factories were established by English merchants, Africans also began trading their own people and would capture people in exchange for goods they could do without. There was a lot of deceitfulness: Europeans would put false bottoms in barrels of gun powder and alcohol, they would invite African partners onto their ship to celebrate then would sail away with them on the ship, and Africans would sell sick and old people in groups and make them look younger by lathering body with oil and shaving their headsWhat were the contributing factors to the end of the slave trade?HumanitariansChristian churchesAfrican leaders- fought against itEuropean governments (especially British navy) - used ships to stop slave ships along the Atlantic OceanFreetown- where British returned slaves to in AfricaWhat were the impacts of the slave trade on Africans?Loss of relativesInstability- constant warfare, untold human sufferingFamine- no cultivation and loss of prime labor- Took most fit workers to become slavesChanges in laws- offend chief/leader etc. immediately sold into slavery, falsely accuse enemies to get them to be enslavedSerfdom- slaves are put on land to farm instead of being sold and told to farm the land, get 50% of the profits (varies)New class of rulers and traders- now have gun accessHow many slaves were taken overall?9-16 millionWho were the chief transporters of slavery?English, Portuguese, and FrenchWhat were the top areas slaves were sent too?Caribbean, Brazil, and Spanish ColoniesWhat did Pope Nick 5 say about enslaving Africans?Said to enslave the Africans because they were not ChristianLecture 16 (October 14)Describe atonement in AfricaEducation- learn to read/write European languages, all materials were about Western CivilizationChristian- abandon own religion and take on Christianity Agriculture- system set up, Africans produce crops for factories in EuropeWhat were the different missionary societies and their origins?Wesleyan Missionary Society- BritainScottish Missionary Society- ScotlandChurch Missionary Society- BritainBremen Mission Society- GermanyBasal Evangelical Missionary Society- SwitzerlandSociety French Missions- FranceAmerican Missions- North AmericaHow did the different missionary societies feel about one another?Were competitive among each other, fought for the souls of the Africans, became very bitter. The American Missionary Society was the most hated because they were radical and liberal.What was the first college established?Fourth Bay College (in Freetown)- 1827Describe the linguistic studies that occurred.Writing African languages- developed an alphabet for each language (used the Latin alphabet)Grammar books/dictionaries- were destine for missionaries, each country had a different one with a different way of spelling words and names, invented new symbols to represent sounds not made in 26 letter alphabet Printing presses- took too long in Europe, set up printing presses in Africa, translate bible into African languagesWhat were the impacts of atonement?Made the Africans feel alienated. If they converted to Christianity they were not accepted by the African people but still were not accepted by the Europeans either. The missionaries looked down on the African culture and religion- no respect, said the African religions worshipped the devil.Describe legitimate trade.Trade in natural products- got Africans to cultivate European cropsPlantations and experimental farms- cocoa, coffee, peanuts, tea, cotton, rubber, etc. - Are products Africans don’t use, encouraged to grow useless crops at expense of producing own food cropsTrading companies- Basel Trading Co., West African Co., etc)What was the impact of legitimate trade?Africans are humans- shouldn’t be bought or soldClass of new Africans- can read/write/speak European languagesEuropean firms established in Africa- agents for Europeans (middle men)European rivalry in Africa between companiesEstablishment of Sierra Leone and LiberiaAnnexation of African coast by Europeans- hunger for Africa’s resources/greed of merchantsWhat is the history behind Liberia?Liberia was created by US, group that opted to return to Africa was supported by the American Colonization Society (racist group) group felt that the only way to keep US white was to get rid of all black people. Went back and settled in Liberia- founded by US marines Indigenous people were already living in Liberia, pushed off native people to make their own country. Arrivals didn’t speak language- were Christian and African AmericanLiberia became a colony1980s- Indigenous people fought newer settlers (civil war- coup de tat)Lecture 17 (October 16)Who is Jules Perry?Prime minister of France, said colonies are for rich colonies are for rich countries, one of the most lucrative method for investing capital, same outlet for our productsWhat European states were involved?Britain, France, Portugal, Belgium, Spain, Italy, and GermanyWhat two countries were the only ones not colonized?Ethiopia (Christian nation) and Liberia (owned by USA)What are the reasons for the scramble for Africa?Economic- Investments- encourages, going to make a lot of profit- Profit- Industrialization- period in Europe, need raw materials- Market- sell finished products- Raw materials- all came from Africao Cocoa, coffee, cotton, tea, peanuts, iron, copperNationalism- prestige, pride, feeling of security in your country at the expense of others- Unification of Germany- merchants encourages ruler they wanted their “place in the sun”- Defeat of France- Germany took territory (Alsace and Lorraine), France said they “lost 2 sisters but gained 27 more” by colonizing large areas in Africa but areas with bad soil and desertsSocial- Employment opportunities in Europe, unemployed moved to Africa or worked in factories- Surplus labor- sent to Africa to work- “We’re the world”-