HIST 106 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture LECTURE OUTLINE FORVIETNAM• Vietnam Background and the “Domino Theory”• Johnson’s WarGulf of TonkinOperation Rolling Thunder and escalation of ground forces• The War at HomeMedia brings the war homeStudent protestsAfrican American protests• 1968: Turning PointTet OffensiveMLK: Poor People’s Campaign, Vietnam, assassinationDemocratic primary and chaosVOCAL MINORITIES AND THE SILENT MAJORITY• Women’s MovementTwo Wings of FeminismWomen’s RightsWomen’s LiberationFeminism and RaceThe Sexual RevolutionResisting the Revolution• Black PowerStokely Carmichael and Black Power in the SouthThe Black Panthers• Power in Brown, Red, and YellowMexican Americans, Cesar Chavez, and the ChicanosNative Americans and the American Indian MovementAsian Americans and pan-Asian unity• Gay Liberation• The Counterculture• Backlash and conservative resurgenceCurrent LectureVOCAL MINORITIES AND THE SILENT MAJORITY• Women’s MovementTwo Wings of FeminismWomen’s RightsWomen’s LiberationFeminism and RaceThe Sexual RevolutionResisting the Revolution• Black PowerStokely Carmichael and Black Power in the Southa) The Black Panthers2) Power in Brown, Red, and Yellowa) Mexican Americans, Cesar Chavez, and the Chicanosi) Caesar Chavez gets tired of braceros being hired to work for nothing(1) Start grass rooting boycotts(a) Grape boycott is the most successful in historyii) Chicano Movement(1) “El Movimiento”(2) Brown Baretts (a) Followed black panthers on smaller scale(b) Restored pride in mexicansb) Native Americans and the American Indian Movementi) AIM(1) Forefront of undertaking(2) Founded initially in response to police brutality and harassment (3) Played major role in creating nationwide organization to publicize protest(4) Very successful at attracting media attentionii) Protests(1) Occupation of Alcatraz Island(a) Claimed it under an earlier act that gave unoccupied federal land to Indians(2) Took over Bureau of Indian Affairs in DC(3) Stand off at Wounded Knee(a) Occupied town for 71 days and demanded chief to be gotten rid of(b) FBI takes back townc) Asian Americans and pan-Asian unityi) Asian American Political Alliance(1) First time all Asians had united as one groupii) Protested foreign policy against homelandsd) Commonalitiesi) Ready to take actionii) Militant in outlookiii) Critique of American foreign policy- saw racial element that tied together oppressed people at home and abroadiv) Expression of racial pride, culture, historyv) Attracted young people and students helped establish ethnic studies programs3) Gay Liberationa) Police would patrol gay bars and arrest gay menb) 1969- police raid stonewall inni) Well known gay hang outii) Patrons fight back and spark riot that lasts entire night(1) Spray paint gay power throughout neighborhoodiii) Encouraged many GLBT to unite together and protest for their rightsc) 1973- gay not a mental illnessd) By mid 1970s, US civil service lifts ban on employment of gayse) Anti-sodomy laws not struck down in every state until 2002f) Activists responded to these victories by encouraging others to come out and be proud of who they are4) The Counterculturea) Hippie movementb) Read books for this info5) Backlash and conservative resurgencea) The victories that minorities were winning were helping bring back conservative powerb) “Middle America” “Forgotten Americans” “Silent Majority”i) Mainly whiteii) Believed they were forgotten by government who was giving money to poverty placesiii) Though they were being ignored for focus on other movementsiv) Were threatened by these movements that challenged their traditional viewsc) George Wallacei) American Independent PartyCRISIS OF CONFIDENCEa) Nixon and the Worldi) Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos(1) Vietnam(a) He prolonged the war(b) National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger says even though we weren’t winning, we couldn’t leave because it would make us look cowardice in the middle of the cold war(c) Pulled troops from Vietnam, but were making plans to invade Cambodia(i) Ordered bombing raids (ii) 1970 ordered ground troops(d) College Reaction(i) Kent State University1. Troops fire into unarmed student protestors and kill 2(ii) Jackson State College1. State troopers fire into group of unarmed student protests and kill many(iii) Response1. College deans call on Nixon to end war2. Student protestors shut down colleges across nationii) 1973: Paris Peace Accords(1) An agreement ending the war and restoring peace in Vietnam(2) Immediate cease fire and north Vietnamese had to release US POW(3) South government would still rule for the time beingiii) War Power Act(1) President can only send combat troops into battle where imminent hostilities are likely(2) Must notify congress within 48 hours of deploying troops(3) Troops cant stay in combat area for more than 60 days without an authorization of force or declaration of war(4) President can extend time troops are in the combat area for 30 days without congressional approval, for a total of 90 days in certain conditionsiv) Détente: China and the Soviet Union(1) Ping Pong Diplomacy(a) US ping pong team first Americans allowed in china since communist control(b) Soon after, Nixon and his wife fly to china and open diplomatic communicationsb) “The Imperial Presidency” and Watergatei) Nixon would resort to trickery and scamming to get what he wantedii) Relied on loyal staffers that would do anything to keep him in white houseiii) June 17 1972(1) Security catches 5 men trying to install listening devices in Watergate sectioniv) All 7 defendents convicted(1) 1 wrote letter to judge saying white house paid them to keep quiet(2) Calls for further investigationsv) Nixon blames everything elsewhere(1) Fires the guyvi) White house employees start confessing(1) VP resigns (a) Ford replaces himvii) Nixon’s approval rating drops to 27%(1) Fastest in 1 yearviii) Watergate Five(1) Chief of staff(2) 2 campaign lawyers(3) Campaign directorix) Nixon Resignation(1) August 1974(2) Tapes were released and nation calls for impeachmentc) The Lean Yearsi) Stagflationii) Oil Crisisd) Crisis of Confidencei) From Ford to Carterii) Iranian Hostage