HIST 106 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture JFK AND LBJ• 1960 ElectionJohn F. Kennedy vs. Richard Nixon• Kennedy and the Cold WarArmament and AidThe Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis• The New Frontier• JFK and Civil RightsCaution and CompromiseOle Miss (1962) and Birmingham (1963)• LBJ and Civil RightsCivil Rights Act of 1964• The Great SocietyWar on Poverty“Big Four”: Education, Medicare & Medicaid, Immigration, & Voting Rights Act of 1965We may also start the Vietnam lecture.VIETNAM• Vietnam Background and the “Domino Theory”• Johnson’s WarGulf of TonkinOperation Rolling Thunder and escalation of ground forces• The War at HomeStudent protestsAfrican-American protests• 1968: Turning PointTet OffensiveMLK criticism of Vietnam, assassinationDemocratic primary and chaosCurrent LectureVIETNAM1) Vietnam Background and the “Domino Theory”2) Johnson’s Wara) Gulf of Tonkinb) Operation Rolling Thunder and escalation of ground forcesi) 4 objectives:(1) Bolster moral of south Vietnamese government(2) Convince north to cease its support for insurgency in south(3) Destroy north’s transportation system, industrial base, and air defenses(4) Disrupt flow of men and material from north into southii) Most intense air/ground battle waged during cold war(1) 1k civilian deaths (2) Did not succeediii) Increased troops on the ground and encouraged them to interact in combativ) Vietnamese response(1) Built tunnels(2) Mobilized civilians to help keep trade routes opened(3) Destroyed bridges were built back within a nightv) US grows tired of trying to tell difference between enemy and friend, start flattening villagesc) My Lai Massacre-1968i) US mobilized army meets no resistance in city, yet still massacre all citizensii) Try to keep news down, but still reaches back home3) The War at Homea) Media brings the war homei) Reported live from battleii) Covered rising body count and posted it nightlyiii) Showed pictures that weren’t permitted during earlier warsb) Student protestsi) Most vocal protestorsii) These were the baby boomed kidsiii) Small minority of college students turned lef(1) By middle of 60s, lef students become increasingly concerned with war(2) Students knew their enrollment was the only thing saving males from the drafiv) Start with peaceful protest(1) Marches in NY and DC show 20k(2) Didn’t do much to change minds on the warc) African American protestsi) They were disproportionately fighting and dying in warii) Were frustrated with conditions at home(1) Unemployment and poverty were major problems in urban area(2) Racial riots/urban rebellions(a) Cost millions in property damagesiii) MLK and other civil rights groups speak in opposition to war(1) Added moral component(a) Taking away money from war on poverty(2) Lost many allies when he spoke out 4) 1968: Turning Pointa) Tet Offensivei) 1968ii) Suicide squadron of Vietcong bomb their way into courtyard of US embassy(1) Mounted attacks on every other large areaiii) Took 3 weeks for US to stop attacks and drive Vietcong from cities(1) On paper, was military victory for USiv) US lost a lot of support for war through this(1) LBJ’s looses much support(a) Almost lost that year’s first primary(b) Announced he would not seek reelection b) MLK: Poor People’s Campaign, Vietnam, assassinationi) Launched PPC for peace and justice(1) 1/7 living in poverty(2) Aimed t help all, not just blacks(3) Would start in MS and end in DC(4) Had to address poverty, unemploymentii) Assassinated(1) April 4, 1968(2) Lorraine Motel(3) This lef behind only Bobby Kennedy to command respect for civil rightsc) Democratic primary and chaosi) Kennedy Vs McCarthy(1) McCarthy against war(2) Kennedy obviously in lead for election though(a) Encouraged Americans to work together and make it his basis for runningii) Assassination (1) Robert Kennedy shot in head by Sirhan Sirhan(2) McCarthy drops out of race(3) Hubert Humphrey (LBJ’s VP) eventually becomes democratic electiveiii) Why?(1) Democratic coalition is deeply divided over Vietnam(2) Republicans return to power and preside over turn to the right(3) Victories and setbacks of the civil rights struggle inspire new forms of political expression LECTURE OUTLINE FORVOCAL MINORITIES AND THE SILENT MAJORITY1) Women’s Movementa) Two Wings of Feminismi) Women’s Rights(1) National Organization for Women (NOW)(a) Sought women’s rights(2) Non-partisan, but generally liberal(3) Want equal opportunity in employment and education(4) Emphasized political participation among women(5) Emphasized improvements to women’s daily livesii) Women’s Liberation(1) More radical and militant than rights(2) Equal opportunity not enough(a) Radical(b) Offer systematic critique of culture and society(c) Want fundamental changes to society(d) Challenge patriarchy(e) Emphasized improvements to women’s daily livesb) Feminism and Racei) For white women only?ii) Work=Liberation(1) Many black women were already working outside of homec) The Sexual Revolutioni) Wanted greater personal freedoms and controlii) Many university drops “In place of parent” (in loco prentice) Acts(1) Aimed towards women(2) Living off campus, curfews, etciii) Birth Control Pill Released(1) Allowed women to have control over their reproduction(2) Encouraged more open attitudes towards sexd) Resisting the Revolutioni) Phyllis Schlafly(1) Active in conservative movement in 1950s(2) College Grad, ran for congress, author(3) Very much living her life outside of the homeii) ERA(1) Equal Rights Amendment(2) Introduced in every congressional session since 1923. Finally passed and sent to ratification by states in 1972(a) ¾ had to ratify by 1978 for it to go into effectiii) Protestors(1) Schlafly forms “STOP Era” (stop taking our privileges)(a) Women had certain roles, privileges, and duties they didn’t want to lose(b) Warning were absurd(i) Said women would be drafed(ii) Separate bathrooms would be eliminated(iii) Sororities and fraternities would be eliminated2) Black Powera) Mississippi Freedom Democratic Partyi) Made to go against traditional white partyii) Were refused seat by the Democratic Convention(1) Said they didn’t reflect the state so didn’t belong(2) Instead seated traditional white democratic partyb) Stokely Carmichael and Black Power in the Southi) March Against Fear(1) Started off with just one man, Meredith, who is shot during march(2) Others start to walk in place of himii)