HIST 106 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture LECTURE OUTLINE FOR THE LONG CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The Long Civil Rights Movement in Three Parts The Black Vote Cold War Civil Rights The Fight in the Courts White Response Massive Resistance The Crisis in Little Rock The Rise of Non Violent Direct Action The Montgomery Bus Boycott Interlude The Tradition of Armed Self Defense The Sit in Movement Debating the Civil Rights Movement Things to think about with this lecture this week s readings Nonviolence or Self Defense Was the civil rights movement fundamentally nonviolent or was nonviolence a tactic A Man s Movement What role did women play in the civil rights movement How have women been remembered Top Down or Bottom Up Did change happen because of national civil rights groups and the federal government or were local people the driving force behind the civil rights movement A Religious Crusade How important was the black church in the civil rights movement Why did so many religious people oppose a movement that claimed to represent Christian values Current Lecture LECTURE OUTLINE FOR JFK AND LBJ 1 1960 Election a John F Kennedy vs Richard Nixon i JFK 1 Democratic 2 Wins in close election 100k votes 3 ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country 4 Appealed similar to FDR s fire side chats a Press conferences were allowed to be publicly televised b 91 approval rating ii Nixon 1 Republican 2 Ike s VP for last 8 years iii 2 deciding issues 1 JFK was a catholic a Would take instruction from the pope b Compromised separation of church and state i JFK said he wanted an America where the separation was absolute ii This speech settled many people s fears 2 Television a First time candidates faced off in televised debates i 4 different debates ii 85 million watched atleast one b Most thought JFK looked better on TV i Confident cool better looking than Nixon c Most thought Nixon was a better debater content wise just listening i Watching debate though most people thought JFK won 2 Kennedy and the Cold War a Armament and Aid i Had to confront communist threat head on 1 Appointed both democrats and republicans to cabinets who believed Eisenhower had accepted stalemate rather than trying to win war 2 Focused on nuclear weapondry ii Expanded space program 1 Announced goal of first moon landing by end of 1960 s a Cost nasa 33 billion dollars iii Increased defense budget by nearly 1 3 iv Used non military ways 1 Peace Corp a Sent young Americans to developing countries for 2 years to help native populations b Same post war idea poor people are most attractive to communism 2 Alliance for progress a US spent billions to promote economic growth in Latin America b The main push was for Cuban revolution of 1959 v Cuban Cold War 1 1959 2 Fidel Castro 3 Cuban peasants were fighting guerilla war against ruling dictators 4 At first some people in US admired Castro a Had liberated country from dictator b Given control back to Cubans over their own country 5 President Ike strongly disliked Castro a Once he overthrew the government US withdraws economic aid b Castro turns to soviet union for help c Nationalizes American oil industry in Cuba d When JFK takes over he inherits all of Ike s plans against Cuba i Cuban Invasion ii Assumed invasion would convince Cubans to rise up against Castro iii JFK supports initially but last minute withdraws air coverage b The Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis i Bay Of Pigs 1 Trained Cubans are captured immediately by Castro s forces 2 Poor liked Castro so invasion was not seen as beneficial to them 3 Huge disappointment for US and looks really bad on US ii Missile Crisis 1 US gets air pictures of camouflaged missiles 2 JFK worried that critics would get him if he didn t fight back against Soviets for missiles 3 JFK announces missiles found in Cuba a Creates blockade going into Cuba b Warns soviets that US would fully defend itself with nukes if ships came with more missiles 4 Soviet orders ships that had been headed to Cuba to reroute course back to Russia last minute iii Speeds up nuclear race iv Both leaders want to ease tensions 1 Set up direct phone line from DC to Moscow red phone line v Treaty prohibits nuclear testing above ground in water or in space 1 Limited because it did allow underground test to continue 3 The New Frontier a Programs passed i Increased minimum wage ii Expanded SS benefits iii New funding for public housing iv Used federal funds to develop the Appalachian b Programs Defeated i Unemployment benefits ii Public school funding iii Medical insurance for retirees and elderly 4 JFK and Civil Rights a Caution and Compromise i When he took office boycotts sit ins etc were sweeping across south 1 As soon as he takes office the congress of racial equality CORE announces plan for interracial freedom ride across south 1961 2 Meant to test desegregation in public transportation 3 Inspired by similar 1947 event a Journey of Reconciliation i Also sponsored by CORE and the fellowship of reconciliation FOR 4 Initially they faced little violence but that changed on mother s day a Encountered much violence in Birmingham both buses attacked b Students meet and carry on the ride for many more months b JFK Appoints brother Bobby to attorney general i Created committee on equal rights ii During administration more blacks were employed by federal government iii Pushed voting rights efforts in the south using justice department iv Still took cautious ways 1 Worried about losing southern support 2 Feared most public wasn t for civil rights 3 Backtracked on campaign promise for civil rights bill a Didn t put one forward v Worried racial unrest would damage nation in eyes of others vi Spent many hours on the phone with southern segregationist 1 Argued local government was more capable of dealing with issues than federal government vii As general rule tried to keep out of civil rights 1 Civil right leaders start planning massive demonstrations to gain national intentions c FBI i Offered no protection to civil rights workers ii Refused to employ black agents in south iii Were given much leeway in dealing with blacks and black issues d Ole Miss 1962 and Birmingham 1963 i Ole Miss 1 James Meredith tries to enroll at ole miss a Faced much opposition 2 Kennedy s thought they had worked out deal with Barnet Miss Gov to allow some integration 3 3000 rioters meet guards escorting Meredith a JFK deploys 5000 federal troops to get things