HIST 106 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture LECTURE OUTLINE FORTHE LONG CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT• The Long Civil Rights Movement in Three PartsThe Black VoteCold War Civil RightsThe Fight in the Courts• White ResponseMassive ResistanceThe Crisis in Little Rock• The Rise of Non-Violent Direct ActionThe Montgomery Bus Boycott(Interlude: The Tradition of Armed Self-Defense)The Sit-in MovementDebating the Civil Rights MovementThings to think about with this lecture & this week’s readings• Nonviolence or Self-Defense? – Was the civil rights movement fundamentally nonviolent, or was nonviolence a tactic?• A Man’s Movement? – What role did women play in the civil rights movement? How have women been remembered?• Top-Down or Bottom-Up? – Did change happen because of national civil rights groups and the federal government, or were local people the driving force behind the civil rightsmovement?• A Religious Crusade? – How important was the black church in the civil rights movement? Why did so many religious people oppose a movement that claimed to represent Christian values?Current LectureLECTURE OUTLINE FORJFK AND LBJ1) 1960 Electiona) John F. Kennedy vs. Richard Nixoni) JFK(1) Democratic(2) Wins in close election (100k votes)(3) “ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country(4) Appealed similar to FDR’s fire side chats(a) Press conferences were allowed to be publicly televised(b) 91% approval ratingii) Nixon(1) Republican(2) Ike’s VP for last 8 yearsiii) 2 deciding issues(1) JFK was a catholic(a) Would take instruction from the pope(b) Compromised separation of church and state(i) JFK said he wanted an America where the separation was absolute(ii) This speech, settled many people’s fears(2) Television(a) First time candidates faced off in televised debates(i) 4 different debates(ii) 85 million watched atleast one(b) Most thought JFK looked better on TV(i) Confident, cool, better looking than Nixon(c) Most thought Nixon was a better debater content wise (just listening)(i) Watching debate though, most people thought JFK won2) Kennedy and the Cold Wara) Armament and Aidi) Had to confront communist threat head on(1) Appointed both democrats and republicans to cabinets who believed Eisenhowerhad accepted stalemate rather than trying to win war(2) Focused on nuclear weapondryii) Expanded space program(1) Announced goal of first moon landing by end of 1960’s(a) Cost nasa 33 billion dollarsiii) Increased defense budget by nearly 1/3iv) Used non military ways(1) Peace Corp(a) Sent young Americans to developing countries for 2 years to help native populations(b) Same post war idea “poor people are most attractive to communism(2) Alliance for progress(a) US spent billions to promote economic growth in Latin America(b) The main push was for Cuban revolution of 1959v) Cuban Cold War(1) 1959(2) Fidel Castro (3) Cuban peasants were fighting guerilla war against ruling dictators(4) At first, some people in US admired Castro(a) Had liberated country from dictator(b) Given control back to Cubans over their own country(5) President (Ike) strongly disliked Castro(a) Once he overthrew the government, US withdraws economic aid(b) Castro turns to soviet union for help(c) Nationalizes American oil industry in Cuba(d) When JFK takes over, he inherits all of Ike’s plans against Cuba(i) Cuban Invasion(ii) Assumed invasion would convince Cubans to rise up against Castro(iii) JFK supports initially, but last minute withdraws air coverageb) The Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisisi) Bay Of Pigs(1) Trained Cubans are captured immediately by Castro’s forces(2) Poor liked Castro, so invasion was not seen as beneficial to them(3) Huge disappointment for US and looks really bad on USii) Missile Crisis(1) US gets air pictures of camouflaged missiles(2) JFK worried that critics would get him if he didn’t fight back against Soviets for missiles(3) JFK announces missiles found in Cuba(a) Creates blockade going into Cuba(b) Warns soviets that US would fully defend itself with nukes if ships came with more missiles(4) Soviet orders ships that had been headed to Cuba to reroute course back to Russia last minuteiii) Speeds up nuclear raceiv) Both leaders want to ease tensions(1) Set up direct phone line from DC to Moscow (red phone line)v) Treaty prohibits nuclear testing above ground, in water, or in space(1) Limited because it did allow underground test to continue3) The New Frontiera) Programs passedi) Increased minimum wageii) Expanded SS benefitsiii) New funding for public housingiv) Used federal funds to develop the Appalachianb) Programs Defeatedi) Unemployment benefitsii) Public school fundingiii) Medical insurance for retirees and elderly4) JFK and Civil Rightsa) Caution and Compromisei) When he took office, boycotts, sit ins, etc were sweeping across south(1) As soon as he takes office, the congress of racial equality (CORE) announces plan for interracial freedom ride across south-1961(2) Meant to test desegregation in public transportation(3) Inspired by similar 1947 event(a) Journey of Reconciliation(i) Also sponsored by CORE and the fellowship of reconciliation (FOR)(4) Initially they faced little violence, but that changed on mother’s day(a) Encountered much violence in Birmingham – both buses attacked(b) Students meet and carry on the ride for many more monthsb) JFK Appoints brother (Bobby) to attorney general i) Created committee on equal rightsii) During administration, more blacks were employed by federal governmentiii) Pushed voting rights efforts in the south using justice departmentiv) Still took cautious ways(1) Worried about losing southern support(2) Feared most public wasn’t for civil rights(3) Backtracked on campaign promise for civil rights bill(a) Didn’t put one forwardv) Worried racial unrest would damage nation in eyes of othersvi) Spent many hours on the phone with southern segregationist(1) Argued local government was more capable of dealing with issues than federal governmentvii) As general rule, tried to keep out of civil rights(1) Civil right leaders start planning massive demonstrations to gain national intentionsc) FBIi) Offered no protection to civil rights workersii) Refused to employ black agents in southiii) Were given much leeway in dealing with blacks and black issuesd) Ole Miss (1962) and Birmingham (1963)i) Ole Miss(1) James Meredith tries to enroll at ole miss(a) Faced much