POLS 1101 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. Political PartiesII. Functions of Political PartiesIII. History of Party SystemsIV. Why are there only two parties?Outline of Current Lecture I. Review of Lectures 9-14 Current Lecture:I. Review - Public Opinion is the collective attitudes of citizens about certain issues or questions- Political Socialization refers to the process by which political attitudes, norms and behaviors are passed on from generation to generation. It is how adolescents learn and become part of the political society and form their own opinion and affiliation.- Agents of Socialization are the specific factors that influence your opinion and what kind of stance you take in politics.- There are two types: Primary agents and Secondary agents.- In the Framing Effect words are logically equivalent. For example: 5% fat or 95% lean. It is to skew something a certain way - Priming is almost the same as framing effect. It is subconscious, rooted in psych. Involvesthings that could affect you but should not, and it is an unconscious process that affects our attitudes.- The socioeconomic model includes age, income, education, marital status, and length of residence, basically all of your social and economic characteristics.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Different socioeconomic groups are more or less likely to vote. In the last election, Blacks voted the most, followed by Whites, Hispanics, and Asians. People of high incomealso voted the most, and people aged 65 and above are most likely to vote.- Primary elections-standard, private elections.- Caucus-public election in which people literally and physically pick a side on who they want to vote for in a large group.- Closed primary-you can only vote for candidates in the party you are registered for. There are also semi-closed and open primaries. - Primaries are spread out over a year. Votes are given to delegates and then super delegates who attend the national convention. They then make the decision for the presidential candidate. - “Soft Money” is an unlimited amount of money for political parties. - Hard Money is federal funds. - Soft money avoids legal limitations because it does not go to a particular candidate, but rather an entire political party.- No disclosure means “dark money”, which means that the funds used to pay for an election campaign were not disclosed to viewers prior to the voting.- Critical Elections are sharp change in patterns of loyalty, which lead to changes in votes.- Four critical elections: 1860, Lincoln and Civil War, 1896, McKinley and inflation, 1932, Roosevelt and the Democrats broadening, and 1968 with Kennedy and the Civil Rights