The Cold War Begins- Divisions of Europeo How to deal with Germanyo Potsdam Conference Truman attended Divided Europeo Berlin Divided up into four occupation zones Soviet Union Stalin dismembers a lot of factories in east Germany and has them shipped back to USSR Promises of democratic elections are subverted by communists(soviets) Communist receive positions in cabinet Minister of the Interior: goal position if you’re planning to take over. Communists in this positiono Iron Curtain Winston Churchill gives a speech at Westminster College in 1947 and says that an iron curtain is being stretched across Europe.- The spread of communismo Greek Civil War 1946-1949o Containment George Kennan: If you contain communism it will collapse on itselfo Truman doctrine If a nation is threatened by communist overthrow from within or without, that the United States will help sustain them through democracy The democracy thing becomes kind of optional- Like Greece or Italy The reason a US aircraft carrier stopping in a country is to make a statement. We’d dock in Greece for like a week. Throughout the Cold War, we end up supporting some very badpeople because they are not communist- They may have dictators- Support torture, etc. Not all military related but financial stability to help prevent communism o Marshall Plan George Marshall Counter-insurgency US will extend funds to all nations in Europe, even communist, to help rebuild.- Particularly to West Germany- Berlin Blockade, June 1948-May 1949o USSR wants the entire Berlin occupation zoneo Cuts off land routeso USAF and British Royal Air Force supply the city by air for the entire yearo 2.3 million tons of cargoo 30 USAF Airman killedo By 1949 the Soviets realize we can do this all day long, so they lift the blockade- Berlin: occupied areao Until 1990 Berlin was an occupied areao It stayed an occupied territory so Britain, US, and France would stay.- North Atlantic Treaty Organizationo NATO is formed in September 1949o Nations with Nuclear Weapons and those withouto A new German Army in 1954 Only nation that’s fought the Soviets Come into NATO but not allowed to hold a nuclear weapono Warsaw Pact If any communist nation is invaded by a non-communist nation, all communist nations will come to their aid.- Defense measureso Peacetime conscriptiono National Security Act, 1947 War to defense USAFo NSC-68 Defend the Western Hemisphere Hold on for offensive forces Provide essential aid to alliesApril 12, 2013- The Korean War, 1950-1953o 1949 China falls to communismo Occupational zones along the 38th parallelo US and USSR withdrawal in 1949o North Korean aggression June 1950 NK begins to invade Task force Smith from Japano Security Council US, UK, France, Soviet Union, and China (Republic of China)o The UN responds Soviet Union was boycotting UN meetings They all agree to condemn NK We suggest that all nations put in military to be led centrally bythe UN and the US- Douglas McArthur was leading the waro Too big for his own good. Begins to make claims against communist Chinao Talks out against the President, Congress, etc.o He said the china wouldn’t get involved. In fact they do, and send us back to 38th parallelo Truman goes and fires himo Reserves and the National guard were activated which had never beendone for a war beforeo Turkish took a lot of casualties and saved our ass. Ethiopia sent troops South Africa, Australia, Luxemburg, Britain, etc.o Truman desegregated the armed forces in 1947o Chaplain Emil Kapaun Awarded the medal of honor Catholic chaplain Well known for being in the hot spots of the war to be support Volunteered to be captured to stay behind with the wounded Sent to a POW. Convinced the Chinese to take them captive.- Escaped from the POW camp to get food for the starvingtroops and came back.- Easter morning held mass out in the open- Stripped down, caught pneumonia, and eventually diedo Armistice reached in 1953 “We are going to stop shooting” but there is no peace treaty To this day, over 28 thousand troops in SK Up until 1978, US commanders were in control of SK armies- The second red scareo Americans became obsessed with searching for communist spieso House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Senator Joseph McCarthy- Attacked everyone- Evidence?o “I have evidence that _____number of spies are working _______.” Then they’d go on a witch-hunt.o They’d search for anyone that possibly had connections or ties to communist or antifascisto Might get thrown in jail, or black listedo McCarthyism - Support was among blue collar Americans- Used fear as a weapon to gain power- Army Hearings 1954o People did not go along with.o Accusing people in the army of being communisto Looses all creditability and dies shortly after due to alcoholism Alger Hiss- Worked in the state department, instrumental in establishing the UN. - Prosecuted for perjury. He said he was not communist under oath. - He petitioned Russia to tell America he wasn’t a spy Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- Worked on the Manhattan project- Accused of passing secrets to the Soviets- Tried, convicted, and executed - Hard evidence that Julius passed information. Not a spy- Ethel was unjustly executed and did not participate - Election of 1952o Adlai Stevensono Dwight Eisenhower Platform was to end the war Won the election easily Ends the conflict in Korea Was not interested in domestic affairs. Wanted to do foreign policy Iran- New Prime Minister takes over and wants to nationalizeoil production in Irano We don’t want this to be an example to other countries- Operation Ajaxo CIA and British MI6o Puts into power their own Shaw of Iran Suez Crisis- 1957- Egypt- President of Egypt wants to nationalize the Suez Canalo French, British, and Israelis against him- US does not support o Britain ceases to become a world power like it was. The no longer care about anything east of the Suezo Us becomes the prominent power of the West Lebanon- 1958- 15000 troops. Peacekeeping mission- Eisenhower doctrineo Any country threatened by a communist country, we will help themo Instrumental in getting us involved in
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