MARIETTA BIOL 101 - Chapter 57 – Dynamics of Ecosystems

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Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Chapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems1Chapter 57 – Dynamics of Ecosystems Trophic levels Nutrient flowEnergy Flow Biodiversity ProductivityQuestionChapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems2Ecologists categorize species based upon their nutrients and energy sourcesWhat are sources of energy?heterotrophsautotrophsWhat are sources of nutrients?producersconsumersdecomposersWhat is the final fate of energy?What happens to nutrients?Chapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems3Knowledge of food chains helps us to understand ecosystem dynamics In 1997, ~500,000 short-tailed shearwater birds were found dead in the Bering Sea off Alaska. What happened?Climate shift favored EhuxQuestionChapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems4How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem?Food chainsTrophic levels (feeding levels)Chapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems5What happens to the energy as it passes through an ecosystem?QuestionChapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems6Why are food chains relatively short?Chapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems7FoodChain 1Foodchain 2Food ChainWhat do ‘ecological pyramids’ show?energynumbersbiomassInverted pyramids?Chapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems8Food websHow much disruption can a food web withstand?What is a “Keystone species”?e.g., CA sea otterImportance to Kelp ForestsConflicts with shellfish industry-- crabs, abaloneSurge of sea urchinsChapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems9Carbon cycleHow do nutrients flow throughecosystems?-- Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon cycleChapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems10Do all essential nutirents flow through biogeochemcal cycles? Limiting nutrientsKey steps ofThe N cycleRoles of MicroorganismsPlantsAnimalsEnvironmentalissuesNote: you are not responsible for the individual steps of the phosphorus cycle, but should have a general understanding of the role of P-related issues.Chapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems11So why did DDT cause ecological harm?DDT and BioaccumulationWhich types of pollutants will tend to bioaccumulate?See page 1227QuestionChapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems12How do disruptions to specific trophic levels affect ecosystems?Top down effectsRestoring aspen growthin Yellowstone with wolvesBottom-up effectsDisruption of producersHuman impactsAdadpted fromRipple WJ and Bescht RL (2007) Restoring Yellowstone’s aspen with wolves. Biological Conseravation 138: 514-519http://www.cof.orst.edu/leopold/papers/Restoring%20Yellowstone%20aspen%20with%20wolves.pdfChapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems13How many organisms exist within an ecosystem?“Biodiversity”Global diversity: 100 million???What factors influence diversity? -- productivity-- climate-- habitat heterogeneity-- other speciesDiversity ‘hot spots’QuestionChapter 57 -- Dynamics of Ecosystems14Ecosystems are diverse in their scale and dynamicsBiomes to microscopicSimple to complexOf great longevity to the ephemeral Familiar to bizarreRedwood canopyVernal


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MARIETTA BIOL 101 - Chapter 57 – Dynamics of Ecosystems

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