POL 202 Int. Relations Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is a democracy?a. Difference in war and peace?b. Two broad influences institutions can affect the likelihood of warc. Costs of war are paid by society at larged. One solution to this problem is to establish a democratic governmente. Representative institutions could thus slow or stop the decision to go to warf. Accountabilityi. Definitionii. Electionsg. Democratic leaders face higher costs from war than nondemocratical leadersh. Nondemocratic leadersII. War and Fate of the political leadersa. What happens to leadersIII. Democracy and Bargaininga. Democratic institutionsb. Transparency can reduce the risk of preemptive war between democraciesc. Mechanisms of accountability d. Institutions of accountabilityIV. Conclusionsa. Political leadersb. Groups and interestsOutline of Current Lecture I. International Institution and Wara. Anarchyb. Collective Security Organizationsc. AlliancesCurrent LectureI. International Institutions and Wara. Anarchy creates variation in international responses to aggressioni. The United Nations intervened when N Kore invaded S Korea in June 1950ii. Yet when China invadediii. We will explore the institutions that govern whether and how outside actors respond to acts of violenceb. Collective Security organizations: try to govern aggressiveness form one member to another memberi. Help provide tools for peaceful conflict resolutionii. Organize responsesc. Alliances: when states cooperate militarilyi. Represent attempts by small numbers id like-minded states to look out for one anotherd. Both want to protect their members but operate in different waysi. Alliances: form when states have common interestii. Facilitate cooperationiii. Are successful when alliances have strong interests in coming to one another’s aid against outside threativ. Collective securitizing: help facilitate collective action1. Form around public interest in promoting peacee. Alliances: why promise to fight someone else’s war?i. Alliances institutions that help their members cooperate militarily in the event ofa war1. Specify standards of behavior2. May include provisions for monitoring and verifying members compliance3. Arrange bargains to settle distributional issues4. Can be defensive or offensivea. Offensive alliance: states pledge to join one another in attach onstatei. The Molotov- Ribbentrop pactb. Defensive alliance: requires states to come to one others aid militarilyi. NATO: an attack against one