Abraham Maslow –Holistic in TheoryWhat is phenomenalism?Branch of philosophy that emphasize sense experienceReality is what we senseWhat is behavior determined by?PerceptionUnderstandingWho was Maslow a student of?Harry Harlow, experimental psychologist (studied the behavior of monkeys)What is the Hierarchy of motivating needs?Hierarchy of human needs: humans have a number of needs that are innate (INSTINCTOID). Maslow assumed the needs are arranged in a hierarchy in terms of their potency.Physiological:Needs directly related to survival (food, sex, water)Can never completely be satisfied; Can temporarily satisfy this need and still be able to deal with higher needsSafetyThe need for structure, order, security, and predictabilityThe goal is to reduce uncertainty the someone’s lifeMostly seen in children, who show fear when confronted with unpredictable eventsA failure to satisfy safety needs early on leads to basic anxietyBelongingness & Love NeedsThe needs for friends and companions, supportive family, identification with a group and intimate relationshipsIf needs aren’t met, the person feels alone and emptyCon: people may sacrifice their own self-interest to feel accepted (Joining a gang)Con: you may find someone who is clingy & dependent in their drive to hang out with othersMaslow believed the failure to satisfy this level was a major problem in the US and a major factor for psychotherapy and support groupsEsteemRequires both recognition from others that results in feelings of prestige, acceptance, and status and self-esteem which results in feelings of adequacy and competenceFailure to satisfy this level results in discouragement and feelings of inferiority.Self-Actualization (realizing all of your potential; drive for self-fulfillmentThe least pre-potent, very important but the last to appearThis isn’t a deficient need, but a growthDefine Prepotency.Some needs are more powerful than others, until the needs that are most pre-potent are satisfied, nothing else mattersThe most basic needs, in the theory are needs of deficiency,The most pre-potent needs are physiological***ONE SET OF NEEDS DOES NOT HAVE TO BE MET BEFORE A HIGHER LEVEL IS REACHED. ***What are B-values (Meta-needs)?“BEING VALUES” or “METAMOTIVATORS”ex: beauty, truth and justiceValues that you constantly keep with you.Know the Self-Actualization Pattern.+ Reality and problem centered - Ruthlessness+ Accepting, simplicity - Absentminded+ Private, independent - Overly kind+ Creative, freshness - Guilt and anxiety+ Un-hostile humor -non-neurotic+ Social interest+ Mystical*** doesn’t mean that the person is perfect, but that they are working on themselves and things for the common good.What is Maslow most famous for?Hierarchy of NeedsCarl RogersWhat was Roger’s religious background?Family was extremely religious (Protestant Christian), emphasized on hard workFamily was concerned with how the city might influence rogers, so they moved to a farmRogers Developed an interest in farming and natureKnow the name of Roger’s first book and its main emphasis.“The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child” which focused on how psychologists can approach therapy/treatment of problem childrenit was so popular, Rogers received professorship at the University of Ohio.What is Roger’s view of personality?Viewed people as: positive ,rational, optimisticBelieved in the goodness of people. He felt this was in contrast to Freud; have a natural tendency to be goodRogers was a very holistic personThe SelfPatterned wholeMainly conscious, all of it should beMeaning we are aware of and experience ourselvesIncludes an image of the ideal self (the way we would like to perceive ourselves)What is Q-sort?Developed by William StephensonThe client is assumed to be able to accurately describe themselves (Real self)The client is then assumed to be able to describe the attributes they would like to posses but do not (ideal self)The Q-sort reveals the correlation between the real and ideal selfWhat was Roger’s 3 types of Knowledge?SubjectiveRefers to our perspective, its unique to us, purely internal frame of referenceCritically important because it determines our behaviorObjectiveRefers to consensus knowledge, something that we share.Checked against the subjective experience of othersPhenomenological Knowledge (empathy)Understanding the subjective knowledge of another person,“putting yourself in their shoes” so that you are aware of the way they see thingsempathy is not the same as sympathysympathy is “I feel sorry for you”empathy is “being able to relate”, you can put yourself in their situationThought psychotherapy could be easily explainedKnow the 6 components to Client-Centered therapy.Psychological ContactPsychological contact between 2 people to be able to growState of Incongruence in the clientThe idea that generically don’t mess… the person’s self-concept isn’t in line with their experienceRogers thought incongruence led to anxiety and tensionSubception: the person is pushing the perception out of awareness so that you are no longer conscious/aware of experienceWhole idea is trying to maintain the perception of ourselves and if we have experiences that are inconsistent we then to subceedDenial and distortion are 2 defense mechanisms used through subceptionthe more this occurs the more the person will feel ill at easeCartwright (1956): better recall of self-concept consistent adjectives; distortion in poorly adjustedSuinn et al (1962):remember consistent descriptors provided by othersTherapist is congruentThe therapist has to be open to experience, has to be unaffected by the client’s state of incongruenceUnconditional positive regard***** big conceptThe therapists hold unconditional positive regard for the who is incongruentThought a fundamental need for humans is positive regard.HAS to be unconditional in order to workConditional positive regard is what leads to incongruenceTherapist empathyUnderstanding the feeling of othersEmpathy and regard communicatedThe clients perceives that the therapist is empathetic and regards them highlyIF THE CONDITIONS ARE MET, THEN GROWTH OCCURS! If they are met, there is movement to self-actualizationWhat is Roger’s biggest concept of client-centered therapy?Unconditional Positive RegardBe familiar with the Gloria Interview.George KellyWho and where did George Kelly study with?Edinburgh with Godfrey Thompson; wanted to study behavior in mathematics)What is