Poverty Rate by RacePoverty rate had been on a general decline till 2000 and then it began to rise. Hispanics and African-American have higher poverty rates than Anglos and Asians.Poverty Rate by AgeThe group is the most poverty is under 18s. Previously it was the over 65s but their rate has dropped drastically. This is due to social security and other programs. So they now have the lowest poverty rate.18-64 has gone up but it has more or less stabilized.The worst is under 18s.Crime Rates Since 1960Both rates have been declining since the 1994 peak.No policy that is completely effective.Predictions of Liberals:Education may be the key to dealing with problemsEducation and PovertyNegative Correlation – Strong r= -.73Increase high school completion = decrease povertyTexas is essentially on the regression line.Education and CrimeNegative Correlation – r = -.37Education goes up, Crime goes downTexas has slightly more crime than predicted by educationPoverty and CrimeWeak Positive Correlation r = .31Texas is an outlier with more crime than the poverty rate predicts.More poverty = more crimeHighest GDP is in Qatar because they value education highly. They get money for their child from the government when it is born.How can Governments Increase Education Levels?High School completion is an explicit goal for all statesIs there a positive relationship between educational resources and results?High School Completion & Bachelor’s DegreePositive correlation – r = .45Texas has a higher degree rate than high school completion suggestsContemporary Educational Expenditures and High School CompletionAll money given at the start of the year – data taken after that yearNo correlationTexas spends more than the completion rate would suggestLagged Educational Expenditures and High School CompletionLagged throughout a generation – spending in the 80s matched with high school completion in 2006.Weak positive correlationTexas is in a similar position anywayWith education you need time for the programs to show its effect.More money into higher education = more higher education degrees.More spending in the past leads to only a moderate increase in higher education degrees.Graduating people from high school leads to more degrees – r = .57How can Governments Decrease Poverty Levels?Lower Poverty is an explicit goal for all statesIs there a positive relationship between welfare program efforts and results?Medicaid and PovertyNegative correlationMore Medicaid = less povertySNAP and PovertyNo correlationR = -.06SNAP is not very usefulTANF and PovertyModerate negative correlation – r = -.56More TANF benefits = less povertySCHIP and PovertyNo relationshipTexas gives barely any health insurance coverage.Welfare Support in TexasTANF $1050 per yearFood Stamps $1100 per yearSCHIP $500 per yearMedicaid $4000 per beneficiaryHow do Governments react to crime rates?Total CrimeProperty CrimeViolent CrimeAbortion Policy and Abortion RatesExpenditures are not paramountDirection of causalityCausal or spurious relationship?Abortion rates have gone down drastically as have abortion providers. These have been reduced by states – they have made it very difficult for them to remain open.POLS 207 1st Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I. The CourtsOutline of Current Lecture II. PovertyIII. EducationIV. CrimeV. AbortionCurrent Lecture← Poverty Rate by Race← Poverty rate had been on a general decline till 2000 and then it began to rise. Hispanics and African-American have higher poverty rates than Anglos and Asians. ←← Poverty Rate by Age← The group is the most poverty is under 18s. Previously it was the over 65s but their rate has dropped drastically. This is due to social security and other programs. So they now have the lowest poverty rate. ← 18-64 has gone up but it has more or less stabilized.← The worst is under 18s. ←← Crime Rates Since 1960← Both rates have been declining since the 1994 peak.← No policy that is completely effective.←← Predictions of Liberals:- Education may be the key to dealing with problemso Education and Poverty Negative Correlation – Strong r= -.73 Increase high school completion = decrease poverty Texas is essentially on the regression line.o Education and Crime Negative Correlation – r = -.37 Education goes up, Crime goes down Texas has slightly more crime than predicted by educationo Poverty and Crime Weak Positive Correlation r = .31 Texas is an outlier with more crime than the poverty rate predicts.  More poverty = more crime← Highest GDP is in Qatar because they value education highly. They get money for their child from the government when it is born.←← How can Governments Increase Education Levels?- High School completion is an explicit goal for all states- Is there a positive relationship between educational resources and results?← High School Completion & Bachelor’s Degree- Positive correlation – r = .45- Texas has a higher degree rate than high school completion suggestsContemporary Educational Expenditures and High School Completion- All money given at the start of the year – data taken after that yearo No correlationo Texas spends more than the completion rate would suggest← Lagged Educational Expenditures and High School Completion- Lagged throughout a generation – spending in the 80s matched with high school completion in 2006.o Weak positive correlationo Texas is in a similar position anyway← With education you need time for the programs to show its effect. ←← More money into higher education = more higher education degrees.← More spending in the past leads to only a moderate increase in higher education degrees.← Graduating people from high school leads to more degrees – r = .57←← How can Governments Decrease Poverty Levels?- Lower Poverty is an explicit goal for all states- Is there a positive relationship between welfare program efforts and results?← Medicaid and Poverty- Negative correlationo More Medicaid = less poverty← SNAP and Poverty- No correlationo R = -.06 - SNAP is not very useful← TANF and Poverty- Moderate negative correlation – r = -.56- More TANF benefits = less poverty← SCHIP and Poverty- No relationship- Texas gives barely any health insurance coverage. ←←← Welfare Support in Texas- TANF $1050 per year- Food Stamps $1100 per year- SCHIP $500 per year- Medicaid $4000 per beneficiary←← How do