PSYC 3301 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-24Lecture 10-11 (September 26-29)CommunicationImportance of Communication in the workplace:-How much time do manager spend in communication? 80%-Give the old and new definition of communication.Old: person or group transmits info to another person or group (sender-receiver)New: Communication is a two-way process, info exchanged within intersubjective meaning context.Organizational Influences:-What’s the difference between tall versus flat communication? What is the Mum effect?Tall: Many levels of management separate workers in production from CEO (more policies)Flat: Not many levels separate them.-What is upward and downward communication?Upward: - Top people receive feedback from subordinates. (In bigger corporations 70% assembly line workers reported communicating with supervisors less than once per month)- Suffers many inaccuraciesDownward: - From top people, CEO communicating to subordinatesMum Effect: “shoot the messenger effect” Lower levels scared to communicate.-Fill in the blanks:Informal networks are accurate ___1__ of the time. Rumors are based on ___2___, ___3___, ___4__, and/or __5___. Trying to ___6__a rumor can backfire.1) 80%2)spite3)speculation4)overactive imagination5)wishful thinking6)refuteElectronic Communications-Give advantages and disadvantages of email.Disadvantages:- More detached- Fewer affective cues- Slower- More prone to misunderstandings- Leaves an electron trailAdvantages:- More egalitarian- Less social inhibition- May increase creative contributions- May reduce “groupthink”-Give three differences between Face-to-face vs Computer-mediated communication:Face-to-face:- More social inhibition- General satisfaction- Differences in degree of participationComputer-mediated communication:- More disinhibition- Some Dissatisfaction- More equality of participation-Give top three highest percentages of reported disadvantages of telecommuting:1) No disadvantage (30%)2)Feeling of isolation (29%)3) Reduced attention from coworkers (24%)-What is the KISS principle?For successful communication: Keep It Short and Simple. Do not use complex words/messages or you’ll bore people. People respond more favorably to simple messages.-Is it better to communicate at a slower or faster paste? Why?People are more impressed if one can talk quickly yet effectively and clearly). This is because they are perceived as more competent and knowledgeable.-What is another important aspect of being able to get your message across?Credibility. If one can be believed and trusted he will be better able to communicate, people willlisten more.-According to the text, what is considered as verbal communication? What are some important aspects of verbal communication?- Verbal communication is both written and oral (both use words)- When oral are followed it by written it is most effective (especially when immediate action is required/important policies communicated)- General info/requiring future action most effective when written- When need immediate attention oral is more effective- Clearer message: written. Ambiguous: oral-Give types of nonverbal communication; What is a low/high-context culture?- Gaze, posture, expressions, eye contact, body movement etc.- Style of dress- Cultural differences- Low-context: Mean of communication primarily by words spoken (e.g. USA, explicit language)- High-context: Meaning of communication depends greatly on nonverbal factors (e.g. Asia, Middle East. They rarely say “no”. Prefer saying “may be difficult”. Tone of voice, eye contact imporant)-What are the 6 basic emotions?- Happiness- Sadness- Surprise- Fear- Anger- DisgustDeceiving Others-What are the two types of lies? Explain. - Self-centered: To maintain a positive impression (say you like a dress in order to sell something)- Other-oriented: To maintain pleasant interactions (agree with a friend), who uses mostly these has usually better relationships.-What is the % ability to detect lies? Who lies best? 53% (chance=50%), men and socially skilled people tend to be better at lying.-What are some cues associated with lying? What are some cues interpreted by observers as indicating deception? p.g. 169Associated with lying:- Lack of spontaniety- Less smiling- Blinking- Etc.Indicating Deception:- Less sustained eye contact- Less smiling- Higher pitch- Etc.-What are some Effective Communication techniques?- Sensitivity training- Courses- ACTIVE Listening (give feedback, ask questions)Lectures 12-14 (October 1-6)Persuasion, compliance and power-Give characteristics of the persuader and those of the persuasive message:Persuader:- Attractiveness (lowered defenses, halo effect)- Style of presentation (confident, upbeat, fluent)- Credibility (expertise, trustworthy)Persuasive message:- Two-sided arguments (respect other side, argue both sides)- Emotional elements (create anxiety and fear BUT if we do as I say, we can solve)- Audience comprehension and acceptance (modify message according to audience)-What are the two paths to success/persuasion?Explain. View pg. 187- “mindful” (central route to persuasion). Rational, convincing.- “mindless” (peripheral route to persuasion). Through impact of cues unrelated to issue. Automatic. May be unconvincing but delivered effectively by attractive person.-What factors determine which path will be taken?- Degree of involvement- Need for cognition- Neutral vs positive mood (if good mood don’t scrutinize message that much, “mindless”.- Degree of distractionCompliance strategies (based on direct requests).-What is the simplest strategy?Ask (compliance-gaining strategy)-What is mindless compliance?Giving an apparent reason “Could I cut in line because I am late for….”Define:- Self-presentation- Self-deprecation- Self-disclosure- Foot-in-the-door technique- Door-in-the-face techniqueAnswers:- Self-presentation: Effort to create desired impression on others- Self-deprecation: providing negative info about oneself (modesty)- Self-disclosure: Offering personal info, even if not requested and like the target person (honesty)- Foot-in-the-door technique: Begin with small request then move to larger- Door-in-the-face technique: Begin with large request, then backing down to smaller-What was the study conducted by Freedman and Fraser? What were the
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