POL 106 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Representation and LawmakingII. Checks and BalancesIII. Congressional ElectionsIV. Committees and BillsV. Citizenship and CongressOutline of Current Lecture I. The Double Expectation GapII. Constitutional Powers of the PresidencyCurrent Lecture The Double Expectations GapDouble Expectations Gap: The gap between presidential promises and powers of the office- Unlimited promises versus limited ability to delivero We demand that candidates promise us everything during campaigno The president’s relatively limited formal powers prevent him from delivering on promises while in officeHead of State: The apolitical, unifying role of the president as the symbolic representative of the whole countryHead of Government: The political role of the president as leader of a political party and chief arbiter of who gets what resources**Must please party, broker deals, work to pass legislation**Most nations, like England, separate these roles so that symbolic duties won’t be contaminated by politicsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Qualifications and conditions for the presidency:- Chosen by Electoral College (modified by 12th amendment)- Limited to two 4-year terms in office (22nd amendment)- Natural-born citizen- Resident for 14 years- At least 35 years old- VP succeeds in event of death, disability, or resignation (20th & 25th amendments)- Removal from office by House impeachment and Senate conviction for “high crimes and misdemeanors” Constitutional Powers of the PresidencyExecutive Powers:Chief Administrator: Head of federal agencies and responsible for the implementation of national policy;appoints cabinet members (heads of departments and agencies)Commander and Chief: Top officer of the country’s military establishment and civilian head of American military forcesChief Foreign Policy Maker: Negotiates treaties, makes executive agreements with other countriesHead of the Cabinet and Bureaucracies: With approval of the majority of the Senate, the president will appoint the heads of departments, who will oversee the work of implementation- 15 cabinet departments- over 500 federal agenciesLegislative Powers:State of the Union Address: Speech given by the president to a joint session of Congress and to the nation announcing the president’s agendaPresidential Veto: President’s authority to reject a bill passed by Congress- May only be overridden by 2/3 majority in each house- Veto threat often brings congressional compromiseExecutive Orders: Clarification of congressional policy issued by the president and having the full force oflaw- Power to clarify how to execute law but may fundamentally change law- Historically responsible for major policy shiftsSigning Statements: When the president signs legislation enacted by Congress, he may issue a written statement commenting on his actions- Often confused with executive orders- Some presidents have criticized the constitutional authority of Congress to make the law in question when issuing theseJudicial Powers:Judicial Appointments: Nominate judges to the federal courts and justices to Supreme Court- Lifetime terms- Senatorial courtesyPardoning Power: Release or excuse person from legal penalties of a crime- Often controversial and done at end of termSolicitor General: Justice Dept. officer who argues government’s cases before Supreme Court- More cases heard and won than any other